Anatomy Exam 1 - Lecture 5

Front 1

blastocyst

Back 1

(becomes you) The ball of cells develops into a hollow ball (day 6)

Front 2

trophoblast

Back 2

(becomes placenta) The blastocyst forms two layers of cells

Front 3

Epithelial tissue develops to form: three things

Back 3

Functional epithelial linings
Exocrine cells
Endocrine cells

Front 4

t/f All epithelia begin assimple epithelia thatmay later become stratified.

Back 4

true

Front 5

What does ectoderm form? (long

Back 5

1. epiderminis and nails
2. lining of mouth, and nasal and anus
3. nervous system
4. pititary glands
5. skull and teeth

Front 6

endoderms form ________.

Back 6

mesenchyme

Front 7

all connective tissues come from _____

Back 7

mesoderm which comes from mesenchyme

Front 8

what are the three layers in development

Back 8

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Front 9

what does mesoderm form?

Back 9

1. dermis
2. lining of body cavity
3. muscular, skeletal
4. kidneys
5. gonads
6. connective tissue
7. endocrine portions

Front 10

what does endoderm form?

Back 10

1. digestive
2. respiratory
3. urinary and reproductive (stem cells)
4. endocrine (thymus, thyroid gland and pancreas)

Front 11

t/f the mesoderm develops before the endoderm

Back 11

false, both ecto and endo form first

Front 12

The skeletal system is made of 4

Back 12

Skeletal bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Connective tissue to stabilize the skeleton

Front 13

t/f bones are simple organs made up of only a few tissue types

Back 13

false; Bones are dynamic organs, which are comprised of several tissue types

Front 14

functions of skeletal system (6)

Back 14

1. support 2. storgage of minerals (calcium and phosphate) 3. bloo cell production 4. leverage (muscles pull on bones) 5. Protection 6. regulation of hormones (osteocalcin)

Front 15

outer lining fo bones is called

Back 15

periosteum

Front 16

inner lining of bones is called

Back 16

endosteum

Front 17

osteocalcin

Back 17

hormone in bone that regulates fats and sugar

Front 18

in the bone matrix calcium phosphate converts to

Back 18

hydroxyapatite crystals

Front 19

hydroxyapatite crystals function

Back 19

resist compression

Front 20

makes up 2/3 of the bone matrix

Back 20

collagen fibers

Front 21

collagen fiber function

Back 21

Contribute to the tensile strength of bones

Front 22

bone cells make up _% of the bone mass

Back 22

2%

Front 23

Osteocytes
definition
function

Back 23

Mature bone cells
Maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix

Front 24

osteoblasts
definition

Back 24

immature bone cells

Front 25

osteoblasts loction

Back 25

inner and outer surfaces of bone

Front 26

osteoblasts function

Back 26

1. produce ostoid which makes matrix
2. make new bone called osteogenesis

Front 27

t/f osteoblasts can covert to osteocytes

Back 27

true

Front 28

Osteoprogenitor cells location and function

Back 28

Found on the inner and outer surfaces of bones
Heavily involved in the repair of bones after a break

Front 29

Osteoclasts function and name of function

Back 29

Secrete acids, which dissolve the bones thereby causing the release of stored calcium ions and phosphate ions into the blood
This process is called osteolysis

Front 30

Differentiate to form new osteoblasts

Back 30

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 31

is you break a bone which cell increases?

Back 31

osteoprogenitor cells

Front 32

The Osteon
is composed of five componets

Back 32

Central canal
Canaliculi
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Lamellae

Front 33

Two types of osseous tissue

Back 33

1. compact bone (dense bone)
2. spongy bone (trabecular)

Front 34

where is compact bone found

Back 34

Compact is found in the region of the diaphysis
Forms the walls of bone outlining the medullary cavity

Front 35

medullary cavity contains _______

Back 35

yellow bone marrow

Front 36

what is spongey bone?

Back 36

open network of plates (trabeculae)

Front 37

which structure within an osteon is made of concertic layers of connective tissues

Back 37

lamellae

Front 38

what is responsible for the lightweight nature of bones

Back 38

trabeculae

Front 39

what is responsible for the dense soild portion of bones

Back 39

thousands of osteons

Front 40

trabeculae formations (3)

Back 40

parallel struts
branching plates
open networks

Front 41

which bone is stronger when stess is applied to the side

Back 41

spongy due to trabeculae

Front 42

orientation: each end of the long bones

Back 42

epiphysis

Front 43

orientation: shaft of bones

Back 43

diaphysis

Front 44

oreitnation: Narrow growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Back 44

metaphysis

Front 45

outer surface of bones

Back 45

Periosteum

Front 46

function of Periosteum
(4)

Back 46

Isolates and protects the bone from surrounding tissue
Provides a route and a place for attachment for circulatory and nervous supply
Actively participates in bone growth and repair
Attaches the bone to the connective tissue network of the deep fascia

Front 47

tendons are part of the bone t/f

Back 47

true

Front 48

inner surface of bone

Back 48

endosteum

Front 49

where are osteoprogenitor cells located

Back 49

endosteum

Front 50

cartilage cells will be replace by bone cells after six weeks of development

Back 50

ossification

Front 51

bone formation

Back 51

osteogeneisis

Front 52

deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue

Back 52

calcification

Front 53

Involved in the development of clavicle, mandible, skull, and bones of the face

Back 53

intramembranous ossification

Front 54

Involved in the development of limb bones, vertebrae, and hips

Back 54

Endochondral ossification

Front 55

six stages of intramembranous ossification

Back 55

1. Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts
2. Osteoblasts begin secreting a matrix
3. Osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix
4. Osteoblasts differentiate and form osteocytes
5. More osteoblasts are produced, thus move outward
6. compact bone is formed

Front 56

two ways that endochondral ossification can occur

Back 56

Cartilage matrix grows inward
- Interstitial growth
Cartilage matrix grows outward
- Appositional growth