Anatomy: D1 (2008) Pharynx

Front 1

WHAT TO DO WHEN CROSSING A WATER PIPE WITH A GAS PIPE

Back 1

INSTALL CONTROL DEVICES

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ANY DEVICE FOR HALTING OR CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF A LIQUID, GAS, OR OTHER MATERIAL THROUGH A PASSAGE, PIPE, INLET, OUTLET , ETC

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VALVE

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HOW IS PREPARING AND PROPELLING MATERIAL THROUGH THE GUT PROBLEM SOLVED

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WITHOUT ENTRY TO AIRWAY

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HOW IS BREATHING AND COUGHING THROUGH THE AIRWAY PROBLEM SOLVED

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KEEPING AIR OUT OF THE GUT

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HOW IS COMMUNICATION PROBLEM SOVED

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CONTRUCTING A HIGHLY ADJUSTABLE VOCAL TRACT FOR SPEECH

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WHAT IS THE ORAL APPARATUS

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1. KEY LOCATION AT ENTRY TO AIRWAY-FOODWAY
2. A MACHINE TO PROCESS INPUTS TO THE GUT AND OUTPUT FROM THE AIRWAY

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3 MACHINES OF THE ORAL APPARATUS

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1. GRINDING MACHINE
2. SWALLOWING MACHINE
3. SPEECH MACHINE

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AN ORAL APPARATUS MACHINE THAT BEGINS MECHANICAL DIGESTION OF FOOD AND PREPARES A BOLUS THAT CAN BE SWALLOWED

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GRINDING MACHINE

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AN ORAL APPARATUS MACHING THAT TRANSPORTS AND PROPELS THE PREPARED FOOD INTO THE PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS FOR TRANSPORT TO THE STOMACH AND DIGESTIVE TRACT

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SWALLOWING MACHINE

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AN APPARATUS MACHINE FORMING THE ORAL CAVITY PART OF THE VOCAL TRACT

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SPEECH MACHINE

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AN ORAL APPARATUS MACHINE THAT IS SERIALLY COUPLED, INSTANTANEOUSLY ADJUSTABLE, DOUBLE RESONATOR (SOUND) SYSTEM BENT AT A RIGHT ANGLE

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SPEECH MACHINE

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AN ORAL APPARATUS MACHINE WHICH THE ORAL AND PHARYNGEAL CAVITIES THAT AMPLIFY AND MOLD THE VIBRATING AIR FROM THE LUNGS AND LARYNX TO PRODUCE SPEECH

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SPEECH MACHINE

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AN ORAL APPARATUS MACHINE THAT IS AN ESSENTIAL BEHAVIOR OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE

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SPEECH MACHINE

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DIFFERENT REGION OF THE ORAL-DIGESTIVE TRACT

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1. AIRWAY
2. FOODWAY

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AN ORAL- DIGESTIVE TRACT REGION THAT CONSIST OF OPENING PORTION AND BOUNDARIES OF THE AIRWAY

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AIRWAY

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COMPONENTS OF THE AIR WAY REGION (10)

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1. NARES: NASAL CAVITY & ITS 3 CONCHAE(TURBINATE) & PARANASAL SINUSES
2. CHOANAE
3. NASOPHARYNX
4. OROPHARYNX
5. LARYNGOPHARYNX
7. LARYNX
8. TRACHEA
9. BRONCHI- DIVISIONS
10. RESPIRATORY AREAS OF THE LUNGS

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AN ORAL-DIGESTIVE TRACT REGION WHICH IS A COMPONENTS IN THE HEAD AND NECK THAT FORM THE FOODWAY

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FOOD WAY

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COMPONENTS OF THE FOODWAY REGION (12)

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1.LIPS AND CHEEKS
2. ORAL VESTIBULE
3. DENTAL ARCHES
4. ORAL CAVITY PROPER W/ HARD PALATE ABOVE AND TONGUE BELOW
5. FAUCES-PILLARS &PALATINE TONSILS
6. SOFT PALATE
7. OROPHARYNX
8. LARYNGOPHARYNX
9. UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (UES)
10. ESOPHAGUS
11. CARDIAC SPHINCTER
12. STOMACH OF GASTROINTESTIONAL TRACT

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SIX (6) MUSCULAR VALVES THAT CONTROL INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF THE ORAL APPARATUS (AIRWAY&FOODWAY)

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1. LABIAL
2. LINGUOALVEOLAR
3. PALATOGLOSSAL
4. PALATOPHARYNGEAL
5. LARYNX MECHANISM (W/ 10 INTRINSIC FOLDS)
6. UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (UES)

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A MUSCULAR VALVES FUNCTIONS WHICH CONTROLS ENTRY OR EXIT FROM THE ORAL CAVITY

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LABIAL VALVES

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MUSCLE(S) OF THE LABIAL VALVE

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1. ORBICULARIS ORIS MUSCLE
2. ASSOCIATED FACIAL MUSCLE

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A MUSCULAR VALVE MADE OF TONGUE TIP AND TOP TO ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF HARD PALATE

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LINGUOALVEOLAR VALVE

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A AIR-FOODWAY VALVE CAUSES THE TONGUE TIP WORKS AGAINSTS THE ANTERIOR HARD PALATE

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LINGUOALVEOLAR VALVE

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AN AIR-FOODWAY VALVE WHICH CONTROLS FOOD BOLUS FORMATION AND BOLUS MOVEMENT IN THE ORAL CAVITY

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LINGUOALVEOLAR VALVE

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ANOTHER NAME FOR LINGUOALVEOLAR VALVE WHEN THE TONGUE TIP WORKS AGAINST THE TEETH IN CONTROL OF SPEECH ARTICULATION

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LINGUODENTOALVEOLAR VALVE

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A MUSCULAR VALVE WHICH CONTROLS AIR AND FOOD MOVEMENTS BETWEEN THE ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNX

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PALATOGLOSSAL VALVE

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COMPONENTS OF THE PALATOGLOSSAL VALVE

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1. PALATOGLOSSUS MUSCLE
2. SOFT PALATE ABOVE
3. TONGUE BELOW

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A MUSCULAR VALVE WHICH CONTROLS THE OROPHARYNX AND NASOPHARYNX AND PROMOTES MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWNWARD TOWARD THE GUT

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PALATOPHARYNGEAL VALVE

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COMPONENTS OF THE PALATOPHARYNGEAL VALVE

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1. SOFT PALATE
2. SUPPORTING MUSCLES: TENSOR PALATI, LEVATOR PALATI AND SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONTRICTOR

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A MUSCULAR VALVE WITH A SOLID SPRING MECHANISM OF TEN INTRINSIC FOLDING VALVES

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LARYNX MECHANISM

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TEN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF THE LARYNX MECHANISM VALVE

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1. ELASTIC EPIGLOTTIS: 2 TRANSVERSE FOLDS
2. TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID: 1 TRANSVERSE FOLDS
3. ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLD AND MUSCLES: 2 VERTICAL FOLD
4. VESTIBULAR FOLDS: 2 ANTEROPOSTERIOR FOLDS
5. VOCAL FOLDS: 2 ANTEROPOSTERIOR FOLDS
6. THYROID CARTILAGE FLEXES: 1 VERTICAL FLEXION

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AN INTRINSIC FOLD OF LARYNX VALVE TRANSVERSELY TWICE DOWNWARD OVER THE LARYNGEAL ENTRANCE

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ELASTIC EPIGLOTTIS FOLD

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AN INTRINSIC FOLD'S MUSCLE OF LARYNX VALVE PULLS ARYTENOID CARTILAGES AND VOCAL FOLDS TOGETHER

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TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID MUSCLE

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AN INTRINSIC FOLD'S MUSCLE OF LARYNX VALVE SEPARATE THE LARYNGOPHARYNX FROM THE LARYNGEAL ENTRANCE AND FORMS THE VERTICAL FOLDING BARRIER THAT KEEPS FOOD OUT OF THE VESTIBULE OF THE LARYNX

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ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS AND MUSCLE

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AN INTRINSIC FOLD'S MUSCLE OF LARYNX VALVE CONTAIN 2 VERTICAL FOLDS FORMING A T-SHAPED CLOSURE AGAINST THE MEDIAN EPIGLOTTIC TUBERCLE

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ARYEPIGLOTTIC FOLDS AND MUSCLE

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AN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF LARYNX VALVE CLOSE THE LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE ITSELF (FALSE VOCAL CORDS)

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VESTIBULAR FOLDS

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AN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF LARYNX VALVE FORMED BY THE THYROARYTENOIDEUS MUSCLES AND ARYTENOID CARTILAGES (TRUE VOCAL CORDS)

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VOCAL FOLDS

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AN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF LARYNX VALVE WHICH IS THE MAJOR MUSCULAR-CARTIGINOUS FOLDS THAT SEPARATE THE LARYNGEAL ENTRANCE FROM THE TRACHEA AND LUNG

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VOCAL FOLDS

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AN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF LARYNX VALVE FORM THE FINAL, POWERFUL BOUNDARY TO KEEP FOOD OUT OF AIRWAY

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VOCAL FOLDS

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AN INTRINSIC FOLDING OF LARYNX VALVE FLEXES VERTICALLY IN THE MIDLINE TO REINFORCE THE OTHER NINE FOLDS DUE TO STRONG CONTRACTION OF THE INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR

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THYROID CARTILAGE

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A MUSCULAR VALVE COMPOSED OF TEN INTRINSIC FOLDS WHICH ARE INTEGRATED IN A SPRING MECHANISM OF CARTILAGES LINKED BY ELASTIC LIGAMENT DURING PROGRESSIVE FOLDING TO ADJUST THE LARYNGEAL AIRWAY

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LARYNX

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LARYNX VALVE COMPOSED OF THREE PAIRED AND FOUR UNPAIRED FOLDS, DURING PROGRESSIVE FOLDING IT ADJUST THE LARYNGEAL AIRWAY FOR FUNCTIONS OF

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1. INSPIRATION
2. EXPIRATION
3. PHONATION
4. EFFORT CLOSURE
5. SWALLOWING CLOSURE

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WHEN DO YOU FEEL THE DOWNWARD EXCURSION OF THE LARYNX

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DURING DEEP INSPIRATION

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WHEN DO YOU FEEL THE UPWARD, FORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE LARYNX

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DURING STRONG EFFORT CLOSURE AND ESPECIALLY DURING SWALLOWING

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A MUSCULAR VALVE WHICH RELAXES ON SWALLOWING TO RECEIVE THE FOOD BOLUS AND TO PROMOTE PASSAGE OF THE BOLUS INTO THE ESOPHAGUS

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UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER: INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR OF THE CRICOPHARYNGEAL VALVES (UES)

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A MUSCULAR VALVE STAYS CONSTRACTED MOST OF THE TIME TO KEEP AIR OUT OF THE ESOPHAGUS AND GUT DURING BREATHING

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UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER

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CENTRAL ROLES OF TONGUE IN FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF AIRWAY-FOODWAY

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1. 4 SKELETAL ATTACHMENTS OF EXTRINSIC LINGUAL MUSCLE
2. ROLE OF TONGUE IN SWALLOWING
3. VOCAL TRACT

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4 SKELETAL ATTACHMENTS OF EXTRINSIC LINGUAL MUSCLES

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1. HYOID
2. MANDIBLE
3. BASE OF STYLOID PROCESS
4. TO HARD PALATE INDIRECTLY THROUGH THE SOFT PALATE

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A ORGAN WORKS LIKE A PLUNGER PISTON THROUGH ITS HYDROSTATIC SKELETON STIFFNESS

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TONGUE

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LIQUIDS ARE INCOMPRESSIBLE AND INEXTENSIBLE AND THEREFORE THE MUSCULAR TISSUE LIQUIDS CAN CREATE FORCES AND TRANSMIT FORCES THROUGH THE BODY OF THIS ORGAN

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TONGUE

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ROLES OF THE TONGUE IN SWALLOWING

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1. TONGUE WORK AGAINST, INTERACTS W/ THE RESISTANT, STABLE BASE PRESENTED BY THE ARCHED HARD PALATE
2. BOLUS FORMATION
3. BOLUS PROPULSION
4. SOFT PALATE INTERACTION W/ PHARYNX WALLS
5. TYPES OF LINGUAL AND PHARYNGEAL MOVEMENT
6. PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE

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COMPONENTS TONGUE WORKING AGAINST, INTERACTS W/ THE RESISTANT

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1. PRESSURES
2. TENSIONS

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PALATE IS A BASE TO PUSH AGAINST AND A FIRM ARCH THAT RESISTS COLLAPSE FROM THE FORCES TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE BOLUS AND FROM THE DIRECT PRESSURE OF THE MUSCULAR PLUNGER THIS OCCUR

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PRESSURES

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PALATE IS A BASE AND FIRM ARCH THAT RESISTS COLLAPSE TO ENABLE SUCTION MOVEMENTS AS THE MUSCULAR PLUNGER DRAWS FOOD PARTICLES UPWARD ON TOP OF THE TONGUE TO FORM A BOLUS AND TO POSITION THE SOFTENED, STREAMLINED BOLUS FOR SWALLOWING THIS OCCUR

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TENSION

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A ROLE OF THE TONGUE WHEN IT GENERATES POSITIVE PRESSURES FOR COMPRESSIVE FORCES ON THE BOLUS AND NEGATIVE PRESSURE FOR SUCTION OR TENSION FORCES TO COLLECT AND POSITION THE FOOD PARTICLES IN FORMING A BOLUS(A FOOD MASS)

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BOLUS FORMATION

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ROLE OF THE TONGUE IN SWALLOWING WHEN FOOD IS MOVED BY THE PRESSURE BETWEEN THE ARCHED HARD PALATE AND THE PERISTALTIC MOVEMENT OF THE STIFFENED TONGUE

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BOLUS PROPULSION

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ROLE OF THE TONGUE WHEN MOVEMENTS ARE RELATED TO SOFT PALATE ELEVATION

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SOFT PALATE INTERACTION W/ PHARYNX MOVEMENTS

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TYPES OF LINGUAL AND PHARYNGEAL MOVEMENTS

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1. THOSE THAT EXPAND THE FOOD CHANNEL TO MAKE ROOM FOR THE BOLUS
2. THOSE THAT NARROW AND CLOSE THE FOOD WAY BEHIND THE TAIL OF THE BOLUS

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ROLE OF TONGUE IN SWALLOWING WHICH MEASURED W/ ELECTRICAL STRAIN GAUGE FORCE TRANSDUCERS

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURE OF TONGUE PRESSURES AGAINST HARD PALATE

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~ 90 MM HG

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL VALVE (VELOPHARYNGEAL)

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~ 150 MM HG AVE

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURES OF THE OROPHARYNGEAL

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~ 100 MM HG

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURES OF THE LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL (HYPOPHARYNX)

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~ 200 MM HG AVE ( SOME AT 400 + MM HG)

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURES OF UES (CRICOPHARYNGEUS)

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~ + 40 MM HG AT REST, TO -10 ON SWALLOWING, THEN TO + 80 MM HG FOR THE TIME WHEN ESOPHAGEAL PERISTALSIS BEGINS TO MOVE THE BOLUS DOWNWARD

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PHARYNGEAL PRESSURES

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1. TONGUE PRESSURE AGAINST HARD PALATE
2. NASOPHARYNGEAL VALVE
3. OROPHARYNGEAL
4. LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL
5. UES ( CRICOPHARYNGEAL)

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MOVEMENTS COORDINATED IN SOFT PALATE ELEVATION

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1. SOFT PALATE MOVEMENTS
2. TONGUE MOVEMENTS

Front 67

A MUSCLE STIFFENS THE PALATINE APONEUROSIS TO ELONGATE THE HARD PALATE

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TENSOR PALATI

Front 68

A MUSCLE LIFTS THE MIDDLE THIRD OF THE SOFT PALATE TO LENGTHEN AND RAISE IT AND TO APPROXIMATE THE SOFT PALATE TO THE OROPHARYNX WALL

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LEVATOR PALATI

Front 69

MUSCLE SHORTEN AND THICKEN THE PALATAL MIDLINE TO HELP STUFF UP THE PALATOPHARYNGEAL VALVE THAT CLOSES THE NASOPHARYNX FROM THE OROPHARYNX WHEN THE SOFT PALATE IS ELEVATE

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UVULAR MUSCLES

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A MUSCLE HORIZONTAL FASCICLES JOIN THE SUPERIOR CONSTRICTOR TO CLOSE THE NASOPHARYNX AND VERTICAL FASCICLES PULL THE PHARYNX UP AND OVER THE BOLUS AS IT IS PROPELLED DOWNWARD

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PALATOPHARYNGEUS

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MUSCLES WHICH COORDINATE IN SOFT PALATE ELEVATION

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1. TENSOR PALATI
2. LEVATOR PALATI
3.UVULAR MUSCLE
4. PALATOPHARYNGEUS

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POSITION AND SHAPE OF THE TONGUE CONTROL THE SHAPE AND VOLUME AND FORM OF THE

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VOCAL TRACT

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IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE FLOW OF SPEECH OUTPUTS WHICH PRODUCES THE CONSONANTS AND ESPECIALLY THE VOWELS OF LANGUAGE

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VOCAL TRACT

Front 74

A SERIALLY COUPLED, INSTANTANEOUSLY ADJUSTABLE, DOUBLE-RESONATOR SYSTEM

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OROPHARYNGEAL TRACT

Front 75

A GATE VALVES THAT CONTROL AND MODIFY THE AIR STREAM TO PRODUCE CONSONANTS

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CONSONANT FORMATION

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COMPONENTS OF THE GATE VALVES (7)

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1. LIPS
2. LIP TO TEETH
3. TONGUE TIP TO TEETH
4. TONGUE TO ALVEOLAR PALATE
5. POSTERIOR TONGUE TO PALATE
6. SOFT PALATE TO PHARYNGEAL WALL
7. NARROWED VIBRATING VOCAL FOLDS

Front 77

TONGUE SHAPE AND POSITION ADJUST THE TWO, LONG COUPLED CHANNEL VALVES COMPOSED OF THE COUPLED ORAL CAVITY AND PHARYNX RESONATOR CHAMBERS, IN ORDER TO PRODUCE VOWEL SOUND BY RESONANCE AND MOLDING OF VIBRATING AIR STREAMS

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VOWEL FORMATION AND TONGUE POSTURES

Front 78

DOWNWARD DIP OF SOFT PALATE FROM CONTRACTION OF THIS MUSCLE OCCURS JUST BEHIND HARD PALATE AT LEVEL OF PALATOGLOSSAL ARCH AND JUNCTION OF MIDDLE AND POSTERIOR THIRDS OF TONGUE

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TENSOR PALATIN

Front 79

1. FOOTLIKE APPEARANCE CAUSED BY UPWARD TUG OF THIS MUSCLE? AND 2. DOWN BENT OF THIS MUSCLE?

Back 79

1. LEVATOR PALATI
2. UVULA

Front 80

1. FORWARD POSITION OF THIS WALL? CAUSED BY SPECIAL 2. HORIZONTAL BAND OF THIS MUSCLE?

Back 80

1. POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL
2. PALATOPHARYNGEUS

Front 81

FORMING VOWEL SOUND (i) WHAT HAPPENDED

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1. ORAL RESONATOR IS CONSTRICTED
2. PHARYNGEAL RESONATOR IS EXPAND

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FORMING VOWEL SOUND (a) WHAT HAPPENDED

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1. ORAL RESONATOR IS EXPAND
2. PHARYNGEAL RESONATOR IS CONSTRICTED

Front 83

FORMING VOWEL SOUND (u) WHAT HAPPENDED

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1. BOTH ORAL AND PHARYNGEAL RESONATOR ARE EXPANDED

Front 84

STRONG CONSTRICTION BETWEEN THESE COUPLED RESONATORS PRODUCED BY CONSTRACTION OF THESE MUSCLES

Back 84

1. TENSOR PALATI
2. PALATOGLOSSUS
3. STYLOGLOSSUS