Anatomy Chpt 3

Front 1

Parts of the cell

Back 1

1.The plasma membrane
2.The cytoplasm
3.The nucleus

Front 2

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Back 2

selective permeable membrane that allows certain substances to get into and out of the cell.

Composed of: Phospholipids,Proteins(Peripheral-transporters, Integral-act as enzymes),Carbohydrates, Cholesterol

Front 3

Two types of movement that takes place within cells

Back 3

PASSIVE MOVEMENT-molecules pass through the plasma membrane from area of higher concentration to lower without use of ATP.

ACTIVE MOVEMENT-when substances move across a selectively permeable membrane from a area of higher to lower concentration with the use of ATP.

Front 4

Passive Movement includes:

Back 4

1.Diffusion-random movement of molecules high to low

2.Facilitated Diffusion-carrier proteins combine temp to molecules allow them to pass through membrane via protein channels

3.Osmosis-when water passes through a selectively permeable from high to low water level.

4.Filtration-process that forces small particles dissolved in a solution to cross semiperm membrane with help of hydorstatic pressure.

5.Dialysis-Exchange of solutions between two solutions seperated by a semiperm membrane.

Front 5

Active Movement includes:

Back 5

1.Active Transport-uses energy from breakdown of ATP to move substances across a semipermeable membrane against a concentration gradient.

2.Exocytosis-fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane, followed by their expulsion from the cell.

3.Endocytosis-process which particles are engulfed by cytoplasm extensions, forming membrane bound vesicles within the cytoplasm

Front 6

Three types of Endocytosis

Back 6

1.Pinocytosis-"cell drinking", plasma membrane invaginates and encloses small amounts of fluid, releasing them into the cytoplasm.

2.Receptor-mediated endocytosis-when extracellular large molecules bind specific receptors on plasma membrane.

3.Phagocytosis-"cell eating", ability of the plasma membrane to engulf large particles and digest them.

Front 7

THE CYTOPLASM

Back 7

Portion of the cell located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. Consists of and aqueoud phase and a particular phase.

Front 8

Phases in cytoplasm

Back 8

Aqueous-"fluid phase", consists of CYTOSOL

Particular-consists of organelles and inclusions.

Front 9

Organelles

Back 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum-network of tubes the channels flow of substances around the cytoplasm.

Smooth/Rough ER-SMOOTH:free of ribosomes,site of steroid synthesis. ER ROUGH-covered in ribosomes, assists in protein synthesis.

Ribosomes-sites of protein synthesis.

Golgi apparatus-flattened sacs that store and package secretory proteins.

Lysosomes-organelles that contain digestive enzymes "suicide bags"

Peroxisomes-involved in formation of hydrogen peroxide.

Mitochondria- have folds called "cristae, are called the "powerhouses" due to ATP production.

ATP-main supplier for most biological activities in the cell.

Cytoskeleton-supportive framwork.

Centrioles-assist in cell division by forming mitotic spindle system.

Cilia-involved in transport of materials along the cell surface.

Flagellum-appendage which protudes from the cell and allow its propulsion.

Secretory Vesicles-contains products of secretion such as protein.

Front 10

Cytoplasim Inclusions

Back 10

1.Lipid droplets-storage for energy

2.Glycogen-principal storage form of carbs

3.Zymogen granules- secretory products rich in inactive enzyme.

4.Melanin pigement- most abundant skin pigment

5.Hemosiderin-yellowish brown pigment from degradation of hemoglobin.

Front 11

THE NUCLEUS

Back 11

Site where gentic material is stored. Consists of three componenets: Nuclear membrane, Chromatin, Nucleolus.

Front 12

Nuclear Components

Back 12

1.Nuclear Membrane-seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

2.Chromatin=fiborous strands containing DNA and proteins.

3.Nucleolus-where RNA is sythesized.

Front 13

Nuclear Membrane

Back 13

Seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

Front 14

Chromatin

Back 14

Made up of DNA and proteins.

Front 15

Nucleolus

Back 15

Dense mass where RNA is synthesized

Front 16

The Cell Cycle

Back 16

Period between beginning of one cell division and the beginning of the the next cell division. Two types of cell division: Somatic and Sex cells.

Front 17

Somatic Cell Division

Back 17

includes:Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Interphase-Active period of cell activity duting which DNA in the nucleus doubles.

Cytokinesis-Division of the cytoplasm into two distinct cells.

Mitosis-Process where two diploid cells result from the division of a parent diploid. Divided into four stages:PROPHASE,ANAPHASE,TELOPHASE,METAPHASE.

Front 18

Protein Synthesis

Back 18

Two major steps:Transcription and Translation

Front 19

Transcription

Back 19

process where one strand of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a messenger RNA.

Front 20

Codon

Back 20

A set of three consecutive nucleotides or triplet on mRNA

Front 21

Translation

Back 21

The formation of a polypeptide under the control of mRNA. Broken down into three stages:Initiation, Elongation,Termination

Front 22

Anticodon

Back 22

A triplet of nucleotides found on transfer RNA(tRNA). It is complimentary to the codon.

Front 23

Initiation

Back 23

Always begins with anticodon "UAC", binds to the codon "AUG" of mRNA and begins protein synthesis

Front 24

Elongation

Back 24

Results from the formation of peptide bonds between different amino acids carried by different tRNA's

Front 25

Termination

Back 25

Addition of the amino acids to the polypeptide ends when one of the three codons reaches the ribosomes

Front 26

Tissues

Back 26

A group or cluster of cells with a common function.

Histology-the study of cells

Front 27

Classification of Tissues

Back 27

1.Epithelial Tissue
2.Connective Tissue
3.Muscle Tissue
4.Nervous Tissue

Front 28

Epithelial Tissue

Back 28

Cover the body(epidermis).Composes the secreting parts of endrocine and exocrine glands.

ENDROCINE-secretes hormones into bloodstream,no ducts.
EXOCRINE-secrete into their ducts

Is used in protection,filtration,absorption.Contains a basement membrane used to determine if the epithelium is SIMPLE or STRATIFIED. Comes in four shapes:SQUAMOUS,CUBOIDAL,COLUMNAR,TRANSITIONAL.

Front 29

Simple and Stratified epithelium tissue

Back 29

Simple-one layer of cells attached to basement membrane.

Stratified-more than one layer of cells with the bottom layer attached to the basement membrane.

Front 30

Epithelial shapes

Back 30

Squamous-flat-like

Cuboidal-cube-shaped

Columnar-tall,looklike columns

Transitional-hotair ballons

Front 31

Connective Tissue

Back 31

Found in all parts of the body,connects epithelium tissue to other parts of the body, most abundant tissue in body.

Is used in protection, support.Has two components:Ground substance and Fibers. Types of connective tissue:Embryonic,Areolar,Bone,Blood.

Front 32

Muscle Tissue

Back 32

Highly specialized to contract(shorten) in order to produce movement of some body parts. Has three types of muscles: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Front 33

Types of muscles

Back 33

SKELETAL-The "meat" of the body;attached to the skeleton.It is voluntarily controlled.

CARDIAC-Found only in the heart,is uninucleated,is involuntary.

SMOOTH-Smallest muscle cell,also has uninucleated cells,involuntary, found in the walls of hollow organs.

Front 34

Nervous Tissue

Back 34

Composed of two major cell populations: Neuroglia and Neurons.

Front 35

Neuroglia

Back 35

Special supporting cells that protect,support,and insulate the more delicate nuerons.

Front 36

Neurons

Back 36

Highly specialized to receive stimuli, and to conduct waves of excitation. They are the cells most associated with nervous system functions.

Front 37

Body Membranes

Back 37

Fall into two major categories: Epithelial and Synovial

Front 38

Epithelial Membranes

Back 38

CUTANEOUS-The skin

MUCOUS-Composed of epithelial cells resting on a layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria.

SEROUS-Composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium on a scant amount of loose connective tissue.

Front 39

Synovial Membranes

Back 39

Composed of connective tissues, lines the cavaties surrounding the joints.

Front 40

Transmembrane Potential

Back 40

Outside the cell is slightly positively charged and the inside is slightly negatively charged, phospholipid membrane keep them apart creating a potential difference.

Front 41

Resting Potential

Back 41

Transmembrane potential of an undisturbed cell.

Front 42

Triplets

Back 42

Triplets formed on Messenger RNA(mRNA),called a codon.

Triplets formed on Transfer RNA (tRNA), called a anticodon.

Front 43

Functions of the Integumentary System

Back 43

1.Insulates and cushions the underlying tissues.
2.Protects body
3.Acts as excretory system
4.Site for assemblage of vitamin D
5.Large sensory organ

Front 44

Components of the Cytoskeleton

Back 44

1.Microtubules
2.Microfilaments
3.Intermediate Filaments

Front 45

Appendages of the skin

Back 45

Hair,Nails,and cutaneous glands

Front 46

Transitional Epithelium

Back 46

Lines urinary bladder,only epithelial tissue that can stretch without being damaged.