Anatomy Chp 4

Front 1

group of cells that share common embyronic origin, morphological features, and arranged in orderly pattern that acheives the tissues functions

Back 1

tissue

Front 2

these do not have tissues

Back 2

- simple organisms

- multicellular protists, ancient eukaryotes

Front 3

4 types of tissues in human body

Back 3

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Front 4

microscopic study of tissue appearance, organization, function

Back 4

histology

Front 5

- sheets of cells that cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, forms certain glands

Back 5

epithelial tissue

- epithelium

Front 6

- binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, n integration of all parts of the body

Back 6

connective tissue

Front 7

- excitable, responds to stimulation and contracts to provide movement and occurs as 3 major types: skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Back 7

muscle tissue

Front 8

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 8

skeletal (voluntary) muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Front 9

- excitable, allowing propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body

Back 9

nervous tissue

Front 10

cells form

Back 10

tissues

Front 11

tissues form

Back 11

organs

Front 12

nervous tissue

Back 12

brain,spinal cord, nerves

Front 13

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle

Back 13

muscle tissue

Front 14

lining of the gi tract organs and other hollow organs, skin surface

Back 14

epithelial tissue

Front 15

fata nd other soft padding tissue, bone, tendon

Back 15

connective tissue

Front 16

first embryonic cells generated have avility to differentiate into any type of cell

Back 16

totipotent cells

- can divide, differentiate, and develop into new organism

Front 17

germ layers

Back 17

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Front 18

epithelial tissue originates in

Back 18

all 3 germ layers (ecto,meso,endoderm)

Front 19

nervous tissue originates primarily from

Back 19

ectoderm

Front 20

muscle tissue originates from

Back 20

mesoderm

Front 21

ectoderm gives rise to

Back 21

epidermis, glands on skin, some cranial bones, pituitary and adrenal medulla, nervous system, mouth between cheek and gums, anus

Front 22

mesoderm gives rise to

Back 22

connective tissues proper, bone, cartilage, blood, endothelium of blood vessels, muscle, synovial membranes, serous membranes lining body cavities, kidneys, lining of gonads

Front 23

endoderm gives rise to

Back 23

lining of airways and digestive system except the mouth and distal part of the digestive system (rectum and anal canal); glands (digestive glands, endocrine glands, adrenal cortex)

Front 24

thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body (skin), the organs (pericardium), internal passgeways that lead to the exterior of the body (abdominal mesenteries), and lining of the moveable joint cavities

Back 24

tissue membrane

Front 25

2 types of tissue membranes

Back 25

connective tissue (synovial membranes) and epithelial membranes (mucous membranes, serous membranes, cutaneous membranes)

Front 26

these line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tract

- coated with secretions

Back 26

mucous membranes

Front 27

line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body

- periotneal, pleural, pericardial cavities

Back 27

serous membrane

Front 28

covers the body surface

Back 28

cutaneous membrane or skin

Front 29

line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint

Back 29

synovial membranes

Front 30

these membranes encapsulate organs like kidneys and line our movable joints

Back 30

connective tissue membrane

Front 31

type of connective tissue membrane that lines the cavity of a freely movable joint

- surround joints of shoulder, elbow, knee

- fibroblasts in inner layer release hyaluronan into joint cavity, this traps water to form synovial fluid, natural lubricant that enables bones of a joint to move freely without friction, also exchanges water and nutrients with blood

Back 31

synovial membrane

Front 32

composed of epithlium attahed to layer of connective tissue

- skin

Back 32

epithelial membrane

Front 33

composite of connective and epithelial tissues

- these epithelial membranes line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open to the external environment, include digestive, respiratory,excretory, reproductive tracts

Back 33

mucous membrane

Front 34

mucous is produced by the

Back 34

epithelial exocrine glands, covers the epithelial layer

Front 35

underlying connective tissue that helps support the fragile epithelial layer

Back 35

lamina properia

Front 36

epithelial membrane composed of mesodermallly derived epitheliu called the mesothelium that is supported by connective tisue

- these line the coelomic cavities of the body (cavities that do not open to the outside) and they cover the organs located in those cavities

- membranous bags with mesothelium lining th inside and connective tissue on the outside

Back 36

serous membrane

Front 37

serous fluid secreted by the cells of the _____ lubricate the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between organs

Back 37

thin squamous mesothelium

Front 38

3 serous membranes line the

Back 38

thoracic cavity

Front 39

2 pleura serous membranes line the

Back 39

lungs

Front 40

pericardium serous membrane covers the

Back 40

heart

Front 41

peritoneum serous membrane

Back 41

in abdominal cavity covers abdominal organs and forms double sheets of mesenteries that suspend many of the digestive organs

Front 42

skin is an epithelial membrane called

Back 42

cutaneous membrane

- stratified squamous epithelial membrane on top of connective tissue

- apical surface is exposed to external environment, is covered with dead, keratinized cells that help protect form desiccation and pathogens

Front 43

most epithelial tissues

Back 43

sheets of cells covering surfaces of body exposed to outside world (skin, airways, digestive tract, urinary and reproductive systems) and line outside of organs (blood vessels, serous membranes)

- forms much o fthe glandular tissue of the body

Front 44

eptithelial cells derive from

Back 44

all 3 major embryonic layers

Front 45

epithelia lining the skin, parts of the mouth and nose, and anus develop from

Back 45

ectoderm

- embryonic layer

Front 46

cells lining airways and digestive system originate in

Back 46

endoderm

- embryonic layer

Front 47

epithelium that lines vessels in the lymphatic and cardiovascular system derives from

Back 47

mesoderm and is called an endothelium

- embryonic layer

Front 48

highly cellular with little or no extracellular material present between cells

Back 48

all epithelia tissue

Front 49

cell junction

Back 49

joining cells intercellular connection between cell membranes

Front 50

epithelial tissue

Back 50

- exhibit polarity with differences in structure and function between exposed or apical facing surface of cell and basal surface close to underlying body structures

- avascular (no blood vessels cross basement membrane, nutrients come by diffusion or absorption)

- rapid replacement of damaged and dead cells

- sloughing off bad cells is surface epithelium and allows our airways and digestive tracts to rapidly replaced damaged cells with new cells

Front 51

basal lamina

Back 51

glycoproteins and collages

- provides attachment site for epithelium, seperating it from connective tissue

- attaches to reticular lamina

Front 52

reticular lmina

Back 52

secreted by underlying connective tissue and together with the basal lamina it forms basement membrane that hold it together

Front 53

basement membrane

Back 53

basal lamina + reticular lamina

Front 54

this provide the bodys first line of protection for physical, chemical, and biological detereioration

Back 54

epithelial tissue

- control permeability and allow selective transfer across physical barrier

Front 55

all substances that enter the body must cross a

Back 55

epithelium

Front 56

epithelial cells are capable of

Back 56

secretion and release mucous and specific chemical compounds onto their apical surfaces

Front 57

microscopic extensions of the apical cell membrane that are supported by microtubules

- beat in unison and move fluids and trapped particles

Back 57

cilia

Front 58

ciliated epithelium lines the ventricles of the brain

Back 58

it helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 59

ciliated epithelium of your airway forma a

Back 59

mucociliary escalator that sweeps particles of dust and pathogens trapped in the secreted mucous toward the throat

- pushes mcous upward

Front 60

nasal cilia sweep ucous

Back 60

down toward your throat

Front 61

cells of epithelia are

Back 61

closesly connected and not seperated by intracellular material

Front 62

cell to cell junctions

Back 62

tight junctions, anchoring junctions, gap junctions

Front 63

- adjacent plasma membranes

- strands of transmembrane proteins

- intercellular space

Back 63

tight junction

Front 64

- adjacent plasma membranes

- gap between cells

- connexons (composed of connexins)

Back 64

gap junction

Front 65

- adjacent plasma membranes

- plaque

- transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)

- intermediate filament (keratin)

- intercellular space

Back 65

anchoring junction

- desmosome

Front 66

- adjacent plasma membranes

- plaque

- transmembrane glycoprotein (cadherin)

- actin filament

- intercellular space

Back 66

anchoring junction

- adherens

Front 67

- integrins

- basal lamina

Back 67

anchoring junction

- hemidesmosome

Front 68

this separates the cells into apical and basal compartments

Back 68

tight junction

Front 69

when aldehyde or ketone reacts with alcohol

Back 69

get ethoxy and O-H

Front 70

several types of cell junctions that help stabilize epithelial tissues

- common on lateral and basal surfaces of cells, they provide strong and flexible connections

- 3 types : desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, adherens

Back 70

anchoring junction

Front 71

these occur in patches (structural proteins on inner surface of cells membrane) on the membranes of cells

- cadherin is embedded in these patches and projects through the cell membrane to link with cadherin molecules of adjacent cells (holds cells together)

Back 71

desmosomes

- type of anchoring junction

Front 72

look like half a desmosome

- links cells to extracellular matrix (ex. basal lamina)

- have integrins rather than cadherins

Back 72

hemidesmosomes

- type of anchoring junction

Front 73

- use either caherins or integrins depending on whether they are linking to other cells or matrix

Back 73

adherens

- type of anchoring junction

Front 74

junctions are characterized by the presence of the

Back 74

contractile protein actin located on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane

- actni can connect isolated patches or form belt structure inside cell

- this influences shape and folding of the epithelial tissue

Front 75

gap junction

Back 75

forms an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

- allow electrical and metabolic couping of adjacent cells, cordinates function in large groups of cells

Front 76

epithelial tissues classified according to

Back 76

shape of cell and number of cell layers formed

Front 77

cell shapes

Back 77

squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal, columnar

Front 78

one cell layer which is called a simple epithelium

Back 78

- every cell rests on the basal lamina

Front 79

more than one cell layer which is called stratified epithelium

Back 79

only the basal layer of the cells rests on the basal lamina

- protects against physical and chemical wear and tear

- named by shape of most apical layer of cells (closest to free space)

Front 80

pseudostratified epithelial tissue

Back 80

tissue with single layer or irregularly shaped cells that give appearance of more than one layer

Front 81

transitional epithelial tissue

Back 81

form of specialized stratified epithelium in which the shape of cells can vary

Front 82

- have appearance of thin scales

- nuclei are flat, horizontal, and elliptical, mirroring form of the cell

- present where rapid passage of chemical compounds is observed

- alveoli of lungs, kidney tubules, lining of capillaries

Back 82

simple squamous epithelium

Front 83

- the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system

- made up of a single layer of squamous cells

Back 83

endothelium

Front 84

- simple squamous epithlium that forms the surface layer of the serous membrane that lines body cavities and internal organs

- provides smooth and protetive surface

Back 84

mesothelium

Front 85

squamous epithelial cells that secrete a fluid that lubricates the mesothelium

Back 85

mesothelial cells

Front 86

- nucleus of box like cells is round an din center of cell

- secrete and absorb molecules

- lining of kidney tubules and ducts of glands

Back 86

simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 87

- nucleus is elongated and in basal end of cells

- absorbs and secretes molecules

- forms lining of digestive system and female reproductive tract

Back 87

simple columnar epithelium

Front 88

- composed of simple columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their apical surfaces

- lining of the fallopian tubes and respiratory system

Back 88

ciliated columnar epithelium

Front 89

- type of epithelium that appears to be stratified but consists of single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells

- nuclei of neighboring cells appear at different levels

- not actually stratified

- all cells are in contact with basal lamina, some do not reach apical surface

- respiratory tract, some have cilia

Back 89

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 90

simple and pseudostratified columnar epithelia are

Back 90

heterogenous epithelia bc they have other cells amoung epithelial cells like goblet cells

Front 91

mucous secreting unicellular gland interspersed between columnar epithelial cell of mucous membranes

Back 91

goblet cell

Front 92

- most common type of stratified epithelium in the human body

- basal layer contains columnar or cuboidal cells

- apical cells are squamos

- top layer may be covered with dead cels filled with keratin (like skin)

- or may be unkeratinized (like mouth cavity, vagina)

Back 92

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 93

stratified cuboidal epithelium and stratified columnar epithelium can be found in

Back 93

glands and ducts, but uncommon in human body

Front 94

- gradual changes in shape of apical cells as the bladder fills with uringe

- only in urinary system, specifically uters and urinary bladder

- when bladder empty = convoluted and has cuboidal apical cells with umbrella shaped apical surfaces. it appears thicker and more multi layered

- when bladder full = epithelium loses its convolutions and apical cells transition from cuboidal to squamous. it appears more stretched out and less stratified

Back 94

transitional epithelium

Front 95

epithelium loses its convolutions and apical cells transition from cuboidal to squamous. it appears more stretched out and less stratified

Back 95

when bladder full

Front 96

location of simple squamous epithelium

Back 96

air sacs of lungs and lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Front 97

function of simple squamous epithelium

Back 97

allow materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration, secretes lubricating substances

Front 98

location simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 98

in ducts and secratory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

Front 99

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

Back 99

secretes and absorbs

Front 100

location of simple columnar epithelium

Back 100

ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus; smooth (noncilliated tissues) in digestive tract and bladder

Front 101

funciton of simple columnar epithelium

Back 101

absorbs and secretes mucous and enzymes

Front 102

location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 102

ciliated tissue lines the trachea and upper respiratory tract

Front 103

funciton of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 103

secretes mucus; ciliated tissue moves mucus

Front 104

location of stratified squamous epithelium

Back 104

lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Front 105

function of stratified squamous epithelium

Back 105

protects against abrasion

Front 106

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 106

sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands

Front 107

funciton of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 107

protective tissue

Front 108

location of stratified columnar epithelium

Back 108

male urethra and ducts of some glands

Front 109

function of stratified columnar epithelium

Back 109

secretes and protects

Front 110

location of transitional epithelium

Back 110

lines bladder, urethra, and ureters

Front 111

function of transitional epithelium

Back 111

allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

Front 112

structure to synthesize and secrete chemical substances

- most consists of groups of epithelial cells

Back 112

gland

Front 113

ductless gland that releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids

Back 113

endocrine gland

Front 114

secretions leave through a duct that opens directly, or indirectly to the external environment

Back 114

exocrine gland

Front 115

secretions of endocrine glands are called

Back 115

hormones

- released into interstitial fluid m diffused into bloodstream, delivered to cells

- body responses

- anterior pituitary, thymus, adrenal cortex, gonads

Front 116

exocrine gland secretions

Back 116

through duct that leads to the epithelial surface

- mucous, sweat, saliva, breast milk

- secretions into lumen of gastrointestinal tract, outside of the body are of the exocrine category

- unicellular or multicellular

Front 117

unicellular exocrine glands

Back 117

scattered single cells

- goblet cells ( mucous membranes of small and large intestines )

Front 118

multicellular exocrine glands (serous glands)

Back 118

from simple epithelium to form secratory surface that secretes directly into an inner cavity

- abdomen, chest, release secretions directly into the cavities

- through tubular duct ( duct is divided into branches in compound glands )

Front 119

tubular glands

Back 119

ducts can be straight or coiled

Front 120

tubes that form pockets are

- exocrine portion of pancreas

Back 120

alveolar (acinar)

Front 121

tubes and pockets combination

Back 121

tubuloalvolar (tubuloacinar) compound glands

Front 122

in a branched gland a duct is connected to

Back 122

more than one secretory gourp of cells

Front 123

simple alveolar (acinar) duct

Back 123

- not found in adult

- stage in development of simple branched glands

Front 124

simple branched aveolar duct

Back 124

- sebaceous (oil) glands

Front 125

simple tubular duct

Back 125

- intestinal gland

Front 126

simple coiled tubular duct

Back 126

merocrine sweat glands

Front 127

simple branched tubular duct

Back 127

- gastric glands; mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum

Front 128

compound alveolar (acinar) duct

Back 128

- mammary glands

Front 129

compound tubuloalveolar duct

Back 129

- salivary glands; glands of respiratory passage, pancreas

Front 130

compound tubular duct

Back 130

- mucous glands (mouth); bulbourethral glands (male reproductive system); testes (seminiferous tubules)

Front 131

exocrine glands classified by

Back 131

secretion and nature of substances released, structure and shape of ducts

Front 132

- most common type of exocrine secretion

- secretions enclosed in vesicles that move to apical surface of cell where contents released by exocytosis

- watery mucous that has glycoprotein mucin (lubricant that has pathogen protection as this secretions)

- eccrine glands that produce and secrete sweat

- continue to produce and secrete their contents w little damage to cell bc nucleus and golgi remain intact after secretion

Back 132

merocrine secretion

Front 133

pinched off portion of cell is the secretion

- apical portion of cell is released

- sweat glands of armpit

- continue to produce and secrete their contents w little damage to cell bc nucleus and golgi remain intact after secretion

Back 133

apocrine secretion

Front 134

mature cell dies and becomes secretory product

- cell is destroyed as it releases its product

- new of these cells dfferentiate from cells int eh surrounding tissue

- sebaceous (oil) glands of skin and hair

Back 134

holocrine secretion

Front 135

this produces watery, blood plasma like secretions rich in enzymes such as alpha amylase

- common in salivary glands of the mouth

Back 135

serous gland

Front 136

this releases watery to viscous products rich in glycoprotein mucin

- common in salivary glands of the mouth

Back 136

mucous gland

Front 137

mixed exocrine glands contain

Back 137

serous and mucous glands and release both types of secretions

Front 138

- dispersed in a matrix

- cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substances, and protein fibers

- amount and structure correlates with function

- connect, protection physically and from microorganisms, and support other tissues

- transport of fluid, nutrients, waste, blood, lymph

Back 138

connective tissue

Front 139

- has extracellular material produced by connective tissue cells embedded within it

- plays role in fuctioning

- ground substance (fluid but can be mineralized and solid like bones)

Back 139

matrix

Front 140

adipose surplus energy

Back 140

fat

Front 141

all connective tissues derive from

Back 141

mesodermal layer of embryo

Front 142

first connective tissue to develop in embryo is

Back 142

mesenchyme

- stem cell line from which all connective tissues are later derived

- scattered through adult tissue and supply cells needed for replacement and repair after a connective tissue injury

Front 143

embryonic connective tisue that forms in the umbilical cord

Back 143

mucous connective tissue or whartons jelly

- not present after birth, only mesenchymal cells throughout the body

Front 144

connective tissue proper includes

Back 144

loose connective tissue nd dense connective tissue

- both have variety o cell types and protein fibers suspended in viscous ground substance

Front 145

this is reinforced by bndles of fibers that give tensile strength, elasticity,and protection

Back 145

dense connective tissue

Front 146

in this tissue the fibers are loosly organize, leaving spaces in between

- absorbs shock and binds tissue together

- allows water, salts, nutreitns to diffuse thorugh to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues

Back 146

loose connective tissue

Front 147

- bone and cartilage

- provide structure and strength to body and protect soft tissues

- dnesly packed fibers

Back 147

supportive connective tissue

Front 148

in bone matrix is

Back 148

rigid and calcified bc the deposited calcium salts

Front 149

lymph and blood

- specialized cells circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, dissolved proteins

Back 149

fluid connective tissue

Front 150

connective tissue proper loose vs dense examples

Back 150

loose = areolar, adipose, reticular

dense = regular elastic, irregular elastic

Front 151

supportive connective tissue

cartilage vs bones examples

Back 151

cartilage = hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic

bones = compact bone, cancellous bone

Front 152

these are present in all connective tissue proper

Back 152

fibroblasts that produce this tissue

- include fixed cells fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells

Front 153

these are fixed cells (remain within connective tissue)

Back 153

fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells

Front 154

these are not fixed cells

Back 154

macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, phagocytic cells

- immune system

Front 155

most abundant cell in connective tissue proper is

Back 155

fibroblast

- polysacchs and proteins secreted by fibroblasts combine with ec fluids to produce gound substance that is embedded with fibrous proteins and forms the extra cellular matrix

Front 156

less active form of fibroblast

- 2nd most common cell type in connective tissue proper

Back 156

fibrocyte

Front 157

cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of hte cytoplasm

- 2 types : white and brown

Back 157

adipocytes

brown : store lipids as many droplets, high metabolic activity

white : store lipids as single large drop and are metabolically less active

Front 158

multipotent adult stem cell

- can differentiate into any type of connective tissue cells for repair and healing of damaged tissue

Back 158

mesenchymal cells

Front 159

- large cell derived from monocyte (blood cell)

- enters connective tissue matrix from blood vessels

- immune response

- release cytokines (proteins that are chemical messengers, they recruit other cells of immune system to infected sites and stimulate)

- roaming ___ move rapidly by amoeboid movement, engulfing infectious agnets and cellular debris

- fixed ___ are permenant residents of their tissues

Back 159

macrophage cell

Front 160

- found in connective tissue proper

- many cytoplasmic granules (contain histamine and heparin)

- derived from hematopoietic stem cells

- immune response

Back 160

mast cells

Front 161

when irritated or damaged, mast cells release

Back 161

histamine, inflammatory mediator

- causes vasodilation and increased blood flow at site, itching, swelling redness

Front 162

3 types of fibers secreted by fibroblasts

Back 162

- collagen fibers

- elastic fibers

- reticular fibers

= all embedded in ground substance

Front 163

- this is made from fibrous protein subunits linked to form long straight fiber

- flexible and great tensile strength, resist stretching, give ligaments and tendons resilience and strength

- hold connective tissues together

Back 163

collagen fiber

Front 164

- contains protein elastin

- returns to shape

- skin, vertebral column

Back 164

elastic fiber

Front 165

- same protein subunits as collagen fibers

- fibers narrow and branch

- through body

- most abundant in reticular tissue of soft organs like liver and spleen

- anchor and provide structural support to the parenchyma (functional cells, blood vessels, nerves of the organ)

Back 165

reticular fiber

Front 166

ground substance which is secreted by fibroblasts and made of polysacchs, hyaluronic acid, and proteins which combine to form proteoglycan with protein core and polysacch branches

- proteoglycan attracts and traps moisture forming colorless matrix known as

Back 166

ground substance

Front 167

- consists mostly of fat storage cells, w lil extracellular matrix

Back 167

adipose tissue

- loose connective tissue

Front 168

most abundant adipose tissue

Back 168

- white adipose tissue is most abundant (can appear yellow) and owes color to carotene

- lipid storage and can be insulation

- protect kidneys and cushoning back of eye

Front 169

this adipose tissue is more commonly in infants

Back 169

brown adipose tissue

- baby fat

- in adults mainly in neck and clavicular regions

- thermogenic (breaks down fats and releases metabolic heat instead of ATP)

Front 170

- little specialization

- spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, suppots organs in abdominal cavity

- underlies epithelia and reps connective tissue component of epithelial membranes

Back 170

areolar tissue

- loose connective tissue

Front 171

- mesh like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen, and the liver

- form network onto which other cells attach

- little net

Back 171

reticular tissue

- loose connective tissue

Front 172

- more collagen fibers

- resistance to stretch

- regular and irregular

- regular = parallel fibers

- irregular = random direction of fibers/ gives tissue greater strength in all directions and less strength in one direction (dermis)

Front 173

vocal folds and between vertebrae in the vertebral column are

Back 173

dense regular elastic

Front 174

this gives arterial walls the strength and ability to regain original shape after stretching

Back 174

dense irregular elastic tissues

Front 175

dense regular connective tissue consists of

Back 175

collagenous fibers packed into parallel bundles

Front 176

dense irregular connective tissue cosists of

Back 176

collagenous fibers interwoven into a mesh like network

Front 177

tendinitis

Back 177

inflammation of a tendon, thick band of fibrous connective tissues that attaches a msucle to a bone

- causes pain and tenderness in area around a joint

- or sudden serious injury

- repetitive motions that strain tendons

- older adults, active people, same movements constantly

Front 178

appearance of cartilage due to

Back 178

polysaccharides called chondrotin sulfates (bind to ground substance proteins to form proteoglycans)

Front 179

within cartilage matrix are

Back 179

chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and space they occupy are lacunae

- encapsulated by perichondrium (layer of dense irregular connective tissue)

Front 180

cartilagenous tissue

Back 180

- avascular (nutrients need to diffuse through the matrix to reach the chondrocytes)

- this contributes to slow healing of cartilagenous tissues

Front 181

3 types of cartilage tissue

Back 181

hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

Front 182

- most common type of cartilage in the body

- short and dispersed collagen fibers

- large amounts of proteoglycans

- under microscope they appear clear

- smooth, strong, flexible,

- rib cage, nose, covers bones where thy meet to form movable joints

- makes template of embryonic skeleton

- plate of this at ends of bone allows continued growth into adulthood

Back 182

hyaline cartilage

Front 183

- tough bc it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix

- knee and jaw and intervertebral discs

- compressibility and absorb pressure

Back 183

fibrocartilage

Front 184

- collagen and proteoglycans

- rigid support and elasticity

- external ear

Back 184

elastic cartilage

Front 185

a connective tissue consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in a firm matrix of cohondoritin sulfates

Back 185

cartilage

Front 186

- protection to internal organs

- supports body

- rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embeded in mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite(form of calcium phosphate)

- osteocyte within lacunae

- usually osteocytes in concentric circles around a central cnal

- highly vascularized tissue

- can recover in short time

- solid and greater structural strength = compact

- lighter and interior and end of long bones = cancellous

Back 186

bone

Front 187

this looks like a sponge under microscope and has empty spaces between trabeculae or arches of bone proper

- lighter and found in interior of some bones and at end of long bones

Back 187

cancellous bone

Front 188

the formed elements circulating in blood are derived form

Back 188

hematopoietic stem cells located in bone marrow

Front 189

erythrocytes (rbc) transport

Back 189

oxygena nd some co2

Front 190

leukocytes (wbc) responsible for

Back 190

immune repsonses

- some wbc have ability to cross endothelial layer that lines blood vessels and enter adjacent tissues

Front 191

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Back 191

platelets

Front 192

this contains liquid matrix and wbc

Back 192

lymph

Front 193

lymphatic capillaries

Back 193

permeable, larger molecules and excess fluid from interstitial spaces to enter the lymphatic vessels

- lymph drains into blood vessels, delivering molecules to blood

- transport absorbed fats away form the intestine and deliver to blood

Front 194

properties that allow movemetn

Back 194

muscle tissue

Front 195

- excitable, respond to stimulus

- contractile, shorten and generate pulling force

- cause bones to move

- 3 types according to structure and function : skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Back 195

muscle tissue

Front 196

- long cylindrical fiber, striated, many peripherall located nuclei

- voluntary movlement, produces heat, protects organs

- attached to bones and around entrance point to body (mouth and anus)

Back 196

skeletal muscle tissue

Front 197

- short, branched, striated, single central nucleus

- contracts to pump blood

- heart

Back 197

cardiac muscle tissue

Front 198

- short, spindle shaped, no evident striation, single nucleus in each fiber

- involuntary movement, moves food, respiration, secretions, regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction

- walls of major organs and passageways

Back 198

smooth muscle tissue

Front 199

40% of body mass is made up of

Back 199

skeletal muscle

Front 200

muscle cell develops from myoblsts derived from the mesoderm

- numbers remain constant through life

Back 200

myocyte

Front 201

arranged in bundles surrounded by connective tissue

- striated due to alternation of actin and myosin

- multinucleated as a result of many myoblasts fused to form long muscle fiber

- nucei on their periphery

Back 201

skeletal muscle

Front 202

- contractile walls of heart

- cells of heart known as cardiomyocytes

- striated, single cells with single central nucleus

- involuntary

- attach to eachother by intercalated discs (anchoring and gap junctions)

- long, branching fibers allows synchronization

Back 202

cardiac muscle

Front 203

- involuntary movements in internal organs

- forms contractile componenet of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems as well as the airways and arteries

- spindle shaped cells with single nucleus and no striations (white lines)

Back 203

smooth muscles

Front 204

- excitable and capable of sending and receiving electrochemcial signals

- 2 classes of cells that make up this : neuron and neuroglia

Back 204

nervous tissue

Front 205

these propagate info via electrochemical impulses called action potentials, these are linked to the release of chemical signals

Back 205

neurons

- nervous tissue

Front 206

these play role in supporting neurons and modulating their info propagation

Back 206

neuroglia

- nervous tissue

Front 207

cell body of neuron also called soma contains

Back 207

nucleus and mitochnodria

- dendrites transfer nerve impulse to soma

- axon carries the action potential away to another excitable cell

Front 208

cell body of nueron consists of

Back 208

cytoplasm, organelles, nucleus

- dendrites branch off celll body and are thin extensions

- tail (axon) can be wrapped in myelin (insulating layer formed by accesory cells)

- synapse is gap between nerve cells or nerve cell and its target

Front 209

neurons that are multipolar have

Back 209

several dendrites and single prominent axon

Front 210

bipolar neurons have

Back 210

single dendrite and axon with the cell body

Front 211

unipolar neurons have

Back 211

only single process extending our from cell body which divides into funcitonal dendrite and itno a funcitonal axon

Front 212

when neuron is stimulated it generates

Back 212

actio potential down axon toward synapse

- if enough neurotransmitters are released at synapse a response is generated

Front 213

star shape cell abundant in central nervous system

- regulation of ion concentration in ic space, uptake or breakdown of neurotransmitters, formation of blood brain barrier (membrane that seperates circulatory system form brain)

Back 213

astrocyte

-

Front 214

these protect the nervous system agains infection but are not nervous tissue bc they are related to macrophages

Back 214

microglia

Front 215

cells that produce myelin in central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Back 215

oligodendrocyte

Front 216

produces myelin in peripheral nervous system

Back 216

schwann cell

Front 217

inital response of the body to injury

- limits injury

- redness, swelling, pain, local heat (cornelius celsus) loss of function may occur

Back 217

inflammation

Front 218

accidental cell death causes inflammation

Back 218

necrosis

Front 219

programmed cell death, does not initiate inflammatory response

Back 219

apoptosis

Front 220

chronic inflammation examples

Back 220

arthirtis and tuberculosis

Front 221

-itis denotes

Back 221

inflammation of specific organ or type

Front 222

menginitis is

Back 222

inflamation of meninges (tough membrane surround the central nervous system)

Front 223

widening of blood vessels

- results in increased blood flow

Back 223

vasodialation

Front 224

inflammation

Back 224

- vasodialation

- amst cells degranulate and release histamine

- neurophils, macrophages go to site causing swelling (edema)

- swollen tissues squeezing pain receptors and prostoglandins cause pain

- coaulation

Front 225

non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs reduce pain bc

Back 225

they inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins

- high levels reduce inflammation

Front 226

antihistamines decrease allergies by

Back 226

blocking histamine receptors and the histamine response

Front 227

angiogenesis

Back 227

growth of new blood vessels results in vascularization of new tissue known as granulation tissue

- pulls ends of wound together

- large amounts of granulation tissue is a pale scar

Front 228

the healing of a wound where the edges are close together

Back 228

primary union

Front 229

gaping wound

- this occurs as ends of wound are pulled together by wound contraction

Back 229

secondary union

Front 230

when wound is more than 1/4 of inch deep

Back 230

sutures (stitches) are recommended to promote a primary union and aviod formation of a scar

Front 231

the addition of new cells of the same type as the ones that were injured

Back 231

regeneration

Front 232

during wound repair collagen fibers are

Back 232

randomly dispersed by fibroblasts that move into repair the area

Front 233

hair turns gray bc

Back 233

follicles produce less melanin (pigment of brown hair and iris of eye)

Front 234

- height loss as a result of loss of calcium and other minerals

- loss of elastic fibers

- fluid in vertebral discs become dry

- joints lose cartilage and stiffen

- atrophy (loss of muscle mass)

- passageways, blood vessels, airways ecome omre rigid

- brain and spinal cord lose mass

- nerves are slower

- hearth diseases, respiratory syndromes, type 2 diabetes (not age dependent)

- wound healing slower

- higher frequency of infection

- telomeres shorten

- removal of co2 and waster products not as efficient

- arthritis, memmory issues, cancers

Back 234

the deterioration of the body with age

Front 235

mutation

Back 235

permenant change in dna of a cell

Front 236

changes that do not affect the code of the dna but alter how the dna is decoded

- generate abnormal cells

Back 236

epigenetic modifications

Front 237

a mass of cells displaying abnormal architecture, forms in the tissue

- begnin = not metastasize nor cause disease

- malignant = cancerous when it breaches the confines of its tissue, promotes angiogenesis, attracts te growth of capillaries, and metastasizes to other organs

Back 237

tumor

Front 238

cancer from epithelial cells are

Back 238

carcinomas

Front 239

cancer stem cells

Back 239

subtype of cell responsible for uncontrolled growth

Front 240

8. Which of the following is not a type of tissue?

a. muscle

b. nervous

c. embryonic

d. epithelial

Back 240

c. embryonic

Front 241

9. The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called ________.

a. differentiation

b. maturation

c. modification

d. specialization

Back 241

a. differentiation

Front 242

10. Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from ________.

a. endothelium, mesothelium, and epithelium

b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

c. connective tissue, epithelial tissue, and muscle tissue

d. epidermis, mesoderm, and endothelium

Back 242

b. ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Front 243

11. Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment?

a. mesothelium

b. lamina propria

c. mesenteries

d. mucosa

Back 243

d. mucosa

Front 244

12. In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue?

a. columnar

b. stratified

c. squamous

d. transitional

Back 244

a. columnar

Front 245

13. Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels?

a. columnar

b. pseudostratified

c. simple squamous

d. transitional

Back 245

c. simple squamous

Front 246

14. Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways and lining of the oviduct?

a. transitional

b. stratified columnar

c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

d. stratified squamous

Back 246

b. stratified columnar

Front 247

15. The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

a. holocrine; apocrine

b. eccrine; endocrine

c. apocrine; holocrine

d. eccrine; apocrine

Back 247

a. holocrine; apocrine

Front 248

16. Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

a. cells, ground substance, and carbohydrate fibers

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

c. collagen, ground substance, and protein fibers

d. matrix, ground substance, and fluid

Back 248

b. cells, ground substance, and protein fibers

Front 249

17. Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________.

a. loose connective tissue

b. a tendon

c. bone

d. hyaline cartilage

Back 249

a. loose connective tissue

Front 250

18. Which connective tissue specializes in storage of fat?

a. tendon

b. adipose tissue

c. reticular tissue

d. dense connective tissue

Back 250

b. adipose tissue

Front 251

19. Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

a. areolar tissue

b. adipose tissue

c. dense regular connective tissue

d. dense irregular connective tissue

Back 251

c. dense regular connective tissue

Front 252

20. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

a. mesoderm

b. mesenchyme

c. ectoderm

d. endoderm

Back 252

b. mesenchyme

Front 253

21. In bone, the main cells are ________.

a. fibroblasts

b. chondrocytes

c. lymphocytes

d. osteocytes

Back 253

d. osteocytes

Front 254

22. Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

a. skeletal muscle only

b. cardiac muscle only

c. smooth muscle only

d. skeletal and cardiac muscles

Back 254

a. skeletal muscle only

Front 255

23. The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

a. myoblasts

b. endoderm

c. fibrocytes

d. chondrocytes

Back 255

a. myoblasts

Front 256

24. Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?

a. nuclei

b. striations

c. golgi bodies

d. mitochondria

Back 256

d. mitochondria

Front 257

25. The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

a. neurons

b. oligodendrocytes

c. astrocytes

d. microglia

Back 257

a. neurons

Front 258

26. The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

a. dendrite

b. axon

c. microglia

d. collagen fiber

Back 258

b. axon

Front 259

27. Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier?

a. microglia

b. neuroglia

c. oligodendrocytes

d. astrocytes

Back 259

d. astrocytes

Front 260

28. Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

a. redness

b. heat

c. fever

d. swelling

Back 260

c. fever

Front 261

29. When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

a. collagen

b. histamine

c. hyaluronic acid

d. meylin

Back 261

b. histamine

Front 262

30. Atrophy refers to ________.

a. loss of elasticity

b. loss of mass

c. loss of rigidity

d. loss of permeability

Back 262

b. loss of mass

Front 263

31. Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.

a. diet

b. exercise

c. genetic factors

d. stress

Back 263

c. genetic factors