Anatomy Chp 3&4

Front 1

What are the 4 rules of Cell Theory

Back 1

1. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.
2. The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the collective activities of its cells
3. According to the "Principle of Complimentary Structure and Function" the bio chemical activities of cells are dictated by the relative number of sub-cellular structures
4. Continuity of life form one generation to another has a cellular basis

Front 2

Define Plasma Membrane

Back 2

The "skin" skin of the cell that separates the intracellular fluid of the cell from the extracellular fluid of the body.

Contains organelles that act as check valves for letting substances in and out.

Front 3

Define Glycolipids

Back 3

-Lipids with attached sugar groups
-Found only on outer Plasma Membrane surface
-The tail of the molecule is polar (different from fats that are non-polar)

Front 4

Define Integral Proteins

Back 4

-Have both hydrophobic and hydro ends
-Work as door ways along the Plasma Membrane to...

Front 5

What are the 3 functions of Integral Proteins

Back 5

1. Pass water soluble ions or molecules
2. Act as carriers that bind to a substance and pass it through the membrane
3. Act as receptors for hormones to receive and relay messages

Front 6

Define Peripheral Proteins

Back 6

-Are loosely attached to Integral Proteins and are easily removed without disrupting the membrane

Front 7

What are the 2 functions of Peripheral Proteins

Back 7

1. Some are Enzymes
2. Others are Motor Proteins involved in mechanical function (changing cell shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction)
3. Others can link together

Front 8

Define Membrane Proteins

Back 8

-Proteins make up 1/2 the cell membrane
-Responsible for most of the specialized functions
-2 types Integral and Peripheral

Front 9

What are the 3 types of Membrane Junctions?

Back 9

1. Tight
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap

Front 10

What 3 factors bind cells together

Back 10

1. Glycoproteins in the Glycocalyx act as an adhesive
2. The wavy areas of the membrane of adjacent cells form together (tongue and groove)
3. Special membrane junctions are formed

Front 11

Define Tight Junctions

Back 11

- Series of integral Proteins from adjacent cells fuse together forming an impenetrable junction
example:
(the membranes appear sewn or stitched together common in digestive tissue)

Front 12

Define Desmosomes (junctions)

Back 12

- Plaque on the cytoplasmic face of adjoining cells form button like faces
- Cadherins extend from the plaque like teeth of a zipper and form anchors
example:
(common in skin and hair which are subjected to great stress)

Front 13

Define Gap Junctions

Back 13

- Are communicating junctions form "nexus" between cells
- Allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next allowing for intercellular communication

Front 14

Define Connexon

Back 14

_Are the connectors formed between two cells in a gap junction that allow for cellular communication

Front 15

Define Diffusion

Back 15

- The tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration that is down or along the concentration gradient

Front 16

What are the 2 types of diffusion

Back 16

1. Simple
2. Facilitated

Front 17

Define Simple Diffusion

Back 17

- Uses kinetic energy
- Net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration that is along their concentration gradient
example:
(movement of fats, oxygen, carbon dioxide through the lipid portion of the membrane)

Front 18

Define Facilitated Diffusion

Back 18

- Uses kinetic energy
- Same as simple diffusion, but the diffusing substance is attached to a lipid soluble membrane carrier protein or moves through a membrane channel
example:
(movement of glucose and some ions into cells)

Front 19

Define Osmosis

Back 19

- Uses kinetic energy
- Simple diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
example:(movement of water into and out of cells directly through the lipid phase of the membrane or via membrane channels

Front 20

What are the 3 types of Vesicular transport

Back 20

1. Exocytosis
2. Endocytosis
3. Intracellular Vesicular Trafficking

Front 21

Explain Exocytosis

Back 21

- ATP is the energy source
-Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell
example:
secretion of neuro transmitters, hormones, mucus, ejection of cellular waste

Front 22

What are the 2 type of Endocytosis

Back 22

1. Via clatherin-coated vesicles
2. Via caveolin-coated vesicles

Front 23

What are the 3 types of clatherin-coated vesicles

Back 23

1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 24

Explain phagocytosis

Back 24

- ATP is the energy source
-"cell eating"a large external particle is surrounded and enclosed by a phagosome
example:
white blood cells attacking foreign debris

Front 25

Explain Pinocytosis

Back 25

- ATP is the energy source
-Plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes, membrane edges fuse and form a fluid filled vesicle
example:
Occurs in most cell important for organs like kidneys and intestines

Front 26

Explain Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Back 26

-ATP energy source
- Selective endocytosis and trancytosis. External substance binds to membrane receptors (associated with lipid rafts)
example:
Means of intake for hormones, cholesterol, iron and most macro molecules

Front 27

Explain Caveolin-coated vesicles

Back 27

- ATP is the energy source
- Selective endocytosis. External substance binds to membrane receptors( lipid rafts)
example:
Roles not fully known cholesterol regulation and platforms for signal transduction

Front 28

Explain coatamer-coated vesicles

Back 28

- ATP is the energy source
- Vesicles pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo
example:
accounts for nearly all intracellular trafficking between certain organelles. Exceptions include vesicles budding from the trans face of the golgi apparatus which are clathrin-coated

Front 29

Define Mitochondria

Back 29

-Threadlike membranous organelles
-Constantly moving and changing shape to act as power plant of cell providing most of the ATP supply

Front 30

Define Ribosomes

Back 30

-Small dark staining granules composed of proteins
-Have two globular subunits that fit together like the cap and an acorn
-act as site of protein synthesis

Front 31

What are the 5 functions of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 31

1. Lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis, and synthesis of lipid components
2. Synthesis of steroid based hormones
3. Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
4. Detoxification of drugs, certain pesticides, and carcinogens
5. Breakdown of stored glycogen to form glucose

Front 32

Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 32

- Ribosomes manufacture all proteins secreted from cells

Front 33

Define Golgi Apparatus

Back 33

-Stacked and flattened membranous sacs shaped like dinner plates
- Mail office of cell receives and sends proteins throughout the cell

Front 34

Explain the 5 functions of Lysosomes

Back 34

1. Digesting particles taken in by endocytosis
2. Degrading worn-out/ non-functional organelles
3. Perform metabolic functions
4. Breakdown non-useful tissues
5. Break down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

Front 35

What are the 3 cytoskeletal elements that support the cell

Back 35

1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules

Front 36

Explain the function of Microfilaments

Back 36

-Made of strands of spherical protein subunits called Actin

Front 37

Explain the function of Intermediate filaments

Back 37

-Tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes

Front 38

Explain Microtubules

Back 38

- Hollow tubes of spherical protein subunits called tubulin

Front 39

Define Centrosomes

Back 39

- Act as microtubule organizing center

Front 40

Define Centrioles

Back 40

=- Located in the centrosome matrix known for creating generating microtubules and organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division

Front 41

Define Cilia

Back 41

- Whip like structures on surface of cells that propel objects in a certain direction

Front 42

Define Flagella

Back 42

- 1 very long cilia or tail that propels the cell somewhere

Front 43

Define Microvilli

Back 43

- Finger like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from a free, or exposed, cell surface

Front 44

Define Nucleus

Back 44

- Control center of the cell

Front 45

Explain Plasma Membrane

Back 45

Structure
- Made of a double layer of lipids within which proteins are embedded.
Function:
Serves as external cell barrier and acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell

Front 46

Explain Cytoplasm

Back 46

- The cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membrane
- Contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Front 47

What are the 3 parts of the nucleous

Back 47

1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoli
3. Chromatin

Front 48

Function of nuclear envelope

Back 48

structure:
double membrane structure pierced by pores. Outer membrane continuos with the endoplasmic reticulum
function:
seperates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

Front 49

What are the 7 stages of Mitosis

Back 49

1. Interphase
2. Early Prophase
3. Late Prophase
4. Metaphase
5. Anaphase
6. Telophase
7. Cytokinesis

Front 50

Describe Interphase

Back 50

The cell carries out its normal activities and grows

Front 51

Describe Early Prophase

Back 51

-Chromatin Condenses
- Duplicated chromosomes appear as two identical threads called sister chromatids
-Nucleoli disappear as chromosomes appear

Front 52

Describe Late Prophase

Back 52

- Nuclear envelope fragments
-Growing spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
-Non-attached polar microtubules slide past each other forcing poles apart

Front 53

Describe Metaphase

Back 53

-2nd phase of mitosis
-2 centrosomes are at opposite poles of cell
-Metaphase plate is formed

Front 54

Describe Anaphase

Back 54

-3rd phase of mitosis
-Begins by centromeres of chromosomes simultaneously split
-Each chromatid becomes a chromosome

Front 55

Describe Telophase

Back 55

--Starts as soon as all chromosomal movement ends
-Chromosomes uncoil back to chromatin
-New nuclear envelope forms
-Mitosis ends

Front 56

Describe Cytokinesis

Back 56

-A contractile ring of actin microfilaments forms the clevage and pinches the cell apart

Front 57

What are the 4 types of tissues

Back 57

1. Nervous
2. Muscle
3. Epithelial
4. Connective

Front 58

Describe Nervous tissue

Back 58

- Supplies internal communication
-Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 59

Describe Muscular tissue

Back 59

-Contracts to cause movement

Front 60

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Back 60

1. Skeletal (attached to bones)
2. Cardiac (muscles of the heart)
3. Smooth (muscles of the organs)

Front 61

Describe Epithelial tissues

Back 61

-Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs filters
-Lining of the GI tract organs and other hollow organs
-Skin surface (epidermis)
-

Front 62

Describe connective tissue

Back 62

-Supports, protects, binds other tissues together
-Bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue

Front 63

Define Tissues

Back 63

-Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or related functions

Front 64

Define Epithelial Tissue

Back 64

-A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Front 65

What are the 2 types of Epithelial tissue

Back 65

1. Covering and lining epithelium
2. Glandular Epithelium

Front 66

What are the 6 functions of epithelium tissue

Back 66

1. Protection
2. Absorption
3. Filtration
4. Excretion
5. Secretion
6. Sensory Reception