Anatomy Chp 13

Front 1

localization of function

Back 1

certain structures are specificaly for prescribed functions

- concept of anatomy and physiology

Front 2

16 days after fertilization the zygote cells belong to one of three germ cells

Back 2

endoderm = lining tissues, mucosae of digestive and respiratory systems

mesoderm = muscle and ct

ectoderm = integumentary and nervous system

Front 3

neuroectoderm

Back 3

precursor for the tissue of the nervous system

- differentiate into neuroepithelium forming a neural plate (cells that change shape causing tissue to buckle and fold inward)

Front 4

neural groove

Back 4

visible line along dorsal surface of embryo

Front 5

neural fold

Back 5

ridge edge on either side of the neural groove

Front 6

underlying structure of nerual folds into tube beneath ectoderm

Back 6

neural tube

Front 7

cells from neural olds seperate from ectoderm to form cluster of cells

- runs lateral to neural tube

Back 7

neural crest

Front 8

neural crest migrates away from

Back 8

nascent/embryonic cns that forms along neural groove and

- develops into parts of pns like enteric nervous tissue

Front 9

tissues that arise from neural crest

Back 9

parts of pns like enteric nervous tissue, craniofacial carilage and bone, and melanocytes

Front 10

The neuroectoderm begins to fold inward to form the neural groove. As the two sides of the neural groove converge, they form the

Back 10

neural tube, which lies beneath the ectoderm.

- The anterior end of the neural tube will develop into the brain, and the

- posterior portion will become the spinal cord.

-The neural crest develops into peripheral structures

Front 11

- The anterior end of the neural tube will develop into the

- beginning at 25 days

Back 11

brain

Front 12

posterior portion of neural tube will become the

- beginning at 25 days

Back 12

spinal cord.

Front 13

-The neural crest develops into

Back 13

peripheral structures

Front 14

more complex structures of nervous system develop during

Back 14

4th week development

Front 15

3 vesicles form at first stage of anterior neural tube developing into brain

Back 15

primary vesicles

- prosencephalon = forward most

- mesencephalon = midbrain

- rhombencephalon = hindbrain

Front 16

3 primary vesicles become 5 secondary vesicles

Back 16

- prosencephalon = telencephalon and diencephalon

- mesencephalon = not differentiate; remains same; smal portion of brain

- rhombencephalon = metencephalon and mylencephalon

Front 17

telencephalon will become

Back 17

cerebrum

Front 18

diencephalon will become

Back 18

thalamus and hypothalamus

- in embryonic diencephalon has eye cup and becomes retina

Front 19

retina example of

Back 19

nervous tissue developin as part of cns structures in embryo but becoming a periheral structure in the developed nervous system

Front 20

capillaries filter

Back 20

blood plasma making csf

Front 21

metencephalon is same as adult structure known as _____ and gives rise to

Back 21

pons , cerebellum

Front 22

10% mass of brain

Back 22

cerebellum

- significant connection to rest of brain at pons bc both rise from metencephalon vesicle

Front 23

mylencephalon corresponds to adult structure known as

Back 23

medulla oblongata

Front 24

structures from mesencephalon and rhombencephalon except for cerebellum are called

Back 24

brain stem

- pons, midbrain, medulla

Front 25

The embryonic brain develops complexity through enlargements of the neural tube called vesicles; (a) The primary vesicle stage has three regions, and (b) the secondary vesicle stage has five regions.

Back 25

ya

Front 26

spinal cord develop from

Back 26

posterior neural tube

Front 27

neural tube dorsal surface

Back 27

closest to surface

- dorsal tissue = sensory funcitons

Front 28

neural tube ventral surface

Back 28

deeper side

- ventral tissue = motor functions

Front 29

cells making wall of nerual tube proliferate and differentiate into

Back 29

neurons and glia of spinal cord

Front 30

neural tube establishes anterior-posterior dimensions of nervous system

Back 30

neuraxis

- overlays superior-inferior dimensions of body

- starts in inferior position at end of spinal cord and ends in anterior postiion at front of cerebellum

Front 31

major curve between brain stem and forebrain called

Back 31

cephalic flexure

Front 32

The mammalian nervous system is arranged with the neural tube running

Back 32

along an anterior to posterior axis, from nose to tail for a four-legged animal like a dog. Humans, as two-legged animals, have a bend in the neuraxis between the brain stem and the diencephalon, along with a bend in the neck, so that the eyes and the face are oriented forward.

Front 33

telencephalon

Back 33

cerebrum, major portion

Front 34

diencephalon

Back 34

between cerebrum and rest of nervous system

- region through which all projections must pass between cerebrum

Front 35

brain stem includes

Back 35

midbrain, pons, medulla (mesenchepalon, metencephalon,myelencephalon

Front 36

retina-

Back 36

diencephalon

Front 37

cerebellum originates out of

Back 37

metencephalon, and its largest white matter connetion is to pons, also from metencephalon

Front 38

ventricles

Back 38

open spaces within cns where cerebrospinal fluid circulates

- remenants of hollow center of neural tube of enbryonic brain

Front 39

cerebrum embryonic structures and ventricles

Back 39

1= prosencephalon

2= telencephalon

ventricle= lateral ventricles

Front 40

diencephalon embryonic structures and ventricles

Back 40

1= prosencephalon

2= diencephalon

ventricles= third ventricle

Front 41

midbrain embryonic structures and ventricles

Back 41

1= mesencephalon

2= mesencephalon

ventricle = cerebral aqueduct

Front 42

pons cerebellum embryonic structures and ventricles

Back 42

1= rhombencephalon

2= metencephalon

ventricle= fourth ventricle

Front 43

medulla embryonic structures and ventricles

Back 43

1= rhombencephalon

2= myelencephalon

ventricle = fourth ventricle

Front 44

spinal cord nerual tube and ventricle

Back 44

posterior neural tube

ventricle = central canal

Front 45

spina bifida

Back 45

closing of neural tube along posterior region fails to close

- occulta,meningocele, and myelomeningocele

- spina bifida occult = mildest bc ventral bones do not fully surround spinal cord; hidden

- meningocyte = meninges protrude through spinal column and spinal nerves not always affected, cyst

- myelomeningocete = meninges protrude through spinal column and spinal nerves always affected, cyst; severe neurological symptoms present

- surgery

Front 46

lateral horn mainly

Back 46

thoracic bc ribs and interthoracic muscles

Front 47

(a) Spina bifida is a birth defect of the

Back 47

spinal cord caused when the neural tube does not completely close, but the rest of development continues. The result is the emergence of meninges and neural tissue through the vertebral column.

Front 48

b) Fetal myelomeningocele is evident in this ultrasound taken at 21 weeks.

Back 48

Front 49

brain 4 main regions

Back 49

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Front 50

portions of cerebrum

Back 50

- cerebral cortex = wrinkled

- longitudinal fissue = large seperation between 2 sides

- cerebral hemisphere = the halves of the longitudinal fissure

- corpus collosum = provies path for communication between 2 hemispheres of cerebral cortex

Front 51

cerebral function

Back 51

= memory, emotion, consciousness

- basal nuclei = responsible for cognitive processing, plan movements

- basal forebrain = learning and memory, primary location for acetylcholine production

- limbic cortex = part of limbic system, emotion, memory, behavior

Front 52

in mammals the cerebrum is

Back 52

outer gray matter (cortex and nuclei)

- basal nuclei, basal forebrain

Front 53

- basal nuclei (basal ganglia) = responsible for cognitive processing, plan movements

- basal forebrain = learning and memory,primary location for acetylcholine production, loss of this is alzheimers

Back 53

ya

Front 54

gyrus

Back 54

ridge of wrinkle of cerebral cortex

Front 55

sulcus

Back 55

groove between two gyri (ridge of wrinkle in cerebral cortex)

Front 56

cerebral cortex

Back 56

- wrinkled gray matter covering cerebrum

- 4 regions =

- lateral sulcus = separates temporal lobe

- parietal lobe and frontal lobe seperated by central sulcus, superior to lateral sulcus

- occipital lobe seperated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus

- no seperation between parietal or temporal lboes on lateral surface

Front 57

ventral side has

Back 57

motor connections

Front 58

The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes. Extensive folding increases the surface area available for cerebral functions

Back 58

ya

Front 59

brodmanns areas

Back 59

describes anatomical distinctions within cortex

- 52 regions

- 17 and 18 in occipital lobe are primary visual perception

Front 60

temporal lobe function

Back 60

primary auditory sensations

- brodmanns areas 41 and 42 in sup temporal lobe

- memmory (ultimate location is where sensory perception was processed)

Front 61

sensation of parietal lobe

Back 61

somatosensation

- general sensations with body

Front 62

posterior to central sulcus is

Back 62

postcentral gyrus

- parietal lobe

- primary somatosensory cortex

- bordmanns 1,2,3

- touch, pressure, tickle, pain, itch, vibration, proprioception, and kinesthesia

Front 63

anterior to central sulcus

Back 63

- frontal lobe

- motor functions

- precentral gyrus = primary motor cortex

- affector

- premotor area = thinking of movement

- frontal eye fields = eliciting movements of eye

- brocas area = production of language, left side

- prefrontal lobe = cognitive, personality, short term memory, consciousness

Front 64

- precentral gyrus =

Back 64

primary motor cortex

- affector

Front 65

- premotor area =

Back 65

thinking of movement

Front 66

prefrontal lobe =

Back 66

cognitive, personality, short term memory, consciousness

Front 67

Brodmann mapping of functionally distinct regions of the cortex was based on

Back 67

its cytoarchitecture at a microscopic level.

Front 68

beneath cerebral cortex are nuclei

Back 68

- subcortical nuclei

= augment cortical processes

-

Front 69

hippocampus and amygdala

Back 69

medial lobe structures, involved in long term memory formation and emotion responses

Front 70

major structures of basal nuclei that control movement are

Back 70

- deep in cerebrum

- caudate = long nucleus, c shape

- putamen = deep in ant regions of frontal and pariatel lobes

- globus pallidus = layered nucleus medial to putamen; also called lenticular nuclei ; external and internal

Front 71

caudate + putamen =

Back 71

striatum

Front 72

basal nuclei pathways

- both from cortex into striatum

Back 72

- direct pathway = axons from striatum to globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata, then to thalamus, then back to cortex; causes disinhibition of thalamus ; excites cortex

- indirect pathway = axons from straitum to globus pallidus external to subthalamic nucelsu and to globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata; reinforces normal inhibition of thalamus; fails to excite cortex

Front 73

substantia nigra pars compacta

Back 73

- swtich between 2 pathways

- projects to stratium and releases dopamine (d1 = excitatory, d2= inhibitory)

Front 74

direct pathway is activated by

Back 74

dopamine

Front 75

indirect pathway inhibited by

Back 75

dopamine

Front 76

left brain vs right brain

Back 76

left = language function ; right = spatial and nonverbal reasoning

- damage to left side are classified as aphasia = loss of speech function

Front 77

- connectionb etween cerebrum and spinal cord, pns (not olfaction)

- output from cerebrum passes through diencephalon

- any region with thalamus in name

- wall of third ventricle

- thalamus and hypothalamus

- deithalamus = pineal galnd

- subthalamus = subthalamic nucleus, basal nuclei

Back 77

diencephalon

Front 78

collection of nuclei that relay info between cerebral cortex and periphery, spinal cord, or brain stem

Back 78

thalamus

Front 79

- region of diencephalon

- collection of nuclei involved in regulating homeostasis

- ans and endocrine system (pituitary gland)

- memory and emotion (limbic)

Back 79

hypothalamus

Front 80

midbrain and hindbrain (composed of pons and medulla) are referred to as

Back 80

brain stem

Front 81

The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including

Back 81

the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates.

Front 82

midbrain

Back 82

- tectum = 4 colliculi ; inferior colliculus = auditory, project to thalamus; superior colliculus= snesory info about visual space, auditory space, and somatosensory space

- tegmentum = continuous with gray matter of brain stem ; send info through cranial nerves

- cerebral aqueduct passes through midbrain

Front 83

- ant surface of brain stem

- white matter attached to cerebellum

- main connection between cerebellum and brain stem

- in tergmentum region = has neurons receiving descending input from forebrain to cerebellum

Back 83

pons

Front 84

- myelencephalon in embryonic brain

- white matter on exterior

- process cranial nerve info

- reticular formation = gray matter related to sleep and wakefulness

Back 84

medulla

Front 85

- little brain

- covered in gyri and sulci

- compare info from cerebrum with sensory feedback from periphery through spinal cord

- 10% mass of brain

Back 85

cerebellum

Front 86

Descending input from the cerebellum enters through the

Back 86

large white matter structure of the pons.

Front 87

Ascending input from the periphery and spinal cord enters through the

Back 87

fibers of the inferior olive.

Front 88

Output goes to the midbrain, which sends a

Back 88

descending signal to the spinal cord.

Front 89

Sensory information from the periphery, which enters through spinal or cranial nerves, is copied to a nucleus in the medulla known as the

Back 89

inferior olive.

Front 90

axons enter the spinal cord on posterior side through

Back 90

dorsal nerve root which marks posterolateral sulcus

Front 91

posterior regions of spinal cord responsible for

Back 91

snesory functions

Front 92

anterior regions of spinal cord responsible for

Back 92

motor funcitons

Front 93

basal plate

Back 93

- close to ventral midline of neural tube

- becomes anterior face of spinal cord and gibes rise to motor neurons

Front 94

alar plate

Back 94

- on dorsal side of neural tube

- gives rise to neurons that receive sensory input from the periphery

Front 95

spinal cord not full length of

Back 95

vertebral column bc doesnt grow after 1 or 2 yearold

Front 96

sacral spinal cord is at

Back 96

upper lumbar vertebral bones

Front 97

gray horns

Back 97

posterior horn = sensory processing

anterior horn = sends motor signals to skeletal muscles

lateral horn = only in thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions; sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Front 98

somatic is

Back 98

voluntary

Front 99

visceral

Back 99

autonomic

Front 100

name of spinal cord region correspponds to

Back 100

level at which spinal nerves pass through intervertebral foramina

Front 101

spinal cord stop growing after

Back 101

1st or 2nd year

Front 102

cauda equina

Back 102

the spinal cord not meeting vertebral column length and long bundle of nerves results

- sacral spinal cord is at level of upper lumar vertebral bones

Front 103

white columns

Back 103

- ascending tracts = carry sensory info to brain

- descending tracts = carry commands from brain

- posterior columns composed of axons of ascending tracts

Front 104

parkinsons disease

Back 104

- disorder of basal nuclei , substantia nigra, neurons dying

- neurodegenerative

- treat by l dopa amino acid

Front 105

myelination takes place in

Back 105

axon

Front 106

this filters blood into cerebrospinal fluid

Back 106

cns

Front 107

The major artery carrying recently oxygenated blood away from the heart is the

Back 107

aorta.

Front 108

aorta

Back 108

- major arter carrying oxygenated blood from heart

- first branches off this supply heart with nutrients and oxygen

- next branches are common carotid arteries (bases has stretch receptors that immediately respond to drop in blood pressure upon standing) which branch into internal carotid arteris(enters cranium through carotid canal in temporal bone)

Front 109

external carotid arteries supply blood to

Back 109

tissues on surface of cranium

Front 110

common carotid arteries

Back 110

(bases has stretch receptors that immediately respond to drop in blood pressure upon standing

Front 111

orthostatic reflex

Back 111

reaction to change in body position so blood pressure is maintained against increasing effect of gravity

- heart reate increases (sympathetic division of ans), and blood pressure raises

Front 112

vertebral arteries

Back 112

-protected by transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae

- enter cranium through foramen magnum in occipital bone

- l and r merge into anterior spinal artery

- then merge into basilar artery (which gives rise to branches to brain stem and cerebellum)

- l and r internal carotid arteries and branches of basilar artery become circle of willis (arteries that can maintain perfusion of brain even if narrowing or blockage limits flow through one part)

Front 113

after cns blood goes

Back 113

- through dural sinuses and veins

- superior sagittal sinus = groove of longitudinal fissure, where absorbs csf from meninges, drains to confluence of sinuses with occipital sinuses and straight sinus, to drain into transverse sinuses, these connect to sigmoid sinuses, these connect to jugular veins, then toward heart

Front 114

outer surface membranes of cns

Back 114

meninges, protect brain

Front 115

meninges

Back 115

- dura mater = thick, fibrous, strong, entire brain and spinal cord, directly attached to inner surface of cranium bones and end of vertebral cavity, foldings that fit into crecasses, midline and surrounds pituitary gland, venous sinuses

- arachnoid mater = thin, fibrous, loose sac around cns, under is arachnoid trabeculae

- pia mater = thin, fibrous, follows convolutions of gyri and sulci in cerebral cortex and fits into other grooves and indentations

Front 116

dorsal root ganglia part of

Back 116

sensory pathway, afferent

Front 117

arachnoid mater

Back 117

- middle meninges

- sac

- trabeculae is at subarachnoid space, filled with csf

- emerges into dural sinuses as arachnoid gramulations, where csf filtered back to blood for drainage from ns

Front 118

pia mater

Back 118

- outer surface os cns

- thin fibrous

- continous cells

- fluid impermeable membrane

- in every convolution in cns, lines inside of sulci in cerebral and cerebellar cortices

Front 119

preganglionic axon is

Back 119

myelinated, post is not

Front 120

lumbar puncture

Back 120

- bc spinal cord not in lower lumbar region needles can insert through dura and arachnoid layers to withdraw csf

- avoids risk of damaging central tissue of spinal cord

Front 121

meningitis

Back 121

inflammations of meninges

- infections of bacteria or viruses:streptococcus, staphylococcus, or tb, enterovirus

- bacteria more severe

- fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, soreness of neck, headache, confusion, memory deficits, hearing loss

- lumbar puncture is test

Front 122

csf

Back 122

- circulates cns

- removes waste from interstital fluids of nervous tissues

- in ventricles, produced by choroid plexus

Front 123

ventricles

Back 123

open spaces within brain where csf circulates

- produces csf through choroid plexus filtering blood

Front 124

4 ventricles from

Back 124

central canal

Front 125

ventricles

Back 125

- lateral are deep and connected to third ventricle by intervenricular foramina

Front 126

space between let and right sides of diencephalon that opens into cerebral aquedut that passes through the midbrain

Back 126

third ventricle

- acqueduct opens into fourth ventricle (spacebetween cerebellum and pons and upper medulla)

Front 127

The choroid plexus in the four ventricles produce CSF, which is circulated through the ventricular system and then enters the subarachnoid space through the median and lateral apertures. The CSF is then reabsorbed into the blood at the arachnoid granulations, where the arachnoid membrane emerges into the dural sinuse

Back 127

ya

Front 128

The interventricular foramina connect the

Back 128

frontal region of the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle

Front 129

third ventricle space bounded by

Back 129

medial walls of hypothalamus and halamus

Front 130

two thalami touch at center at

Back 130

massa intermedia (surrounded by third ventricle)

Front 131

floor of the fourth centricle is

Back 131

dorsal surace of pons and upper medula

Front 132

sinlge median aperture and pair of lateral apertures connect

Back 132

to subarachnoid space so that csf flows through ventricles and out of cns

Front 133

production of csf( water, small molecules, electrolytes, o and co3 dissolved into this)

Back 133

choroid plexus (membrane) and ependymal cells (glial cell)

Front 134

lfow of csf

Back 134

lateral ventricles to third ventricles then to cerebral aqueduct into 4th ventricle then to central canal

- 500 ml day

Front 135

csf in subarachnoid space surrounding all of cns functions

Back 135

1. picks up metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and moves it out of cns

2. liquid cushion for brain and spinal cord

Front 136

lateral venticles

Back 136

located in cerebellum and has choroid plexus

Front 137

third ventricles

Back 137

located in diencephalon and has choroid plexus

Front 138

cerebral aqueduct

Back 138

located in midbrain

Front 139

fourth ventricle

Back 139

located between pons/ upper medulla dn cerebellum and has choroid plexus

Front 140

central canal

Back 140

located in spinal cord

Front 141

subarachnoid space

Back 141

located external to entire cns and has arachnoid granulations

Front 142

disrpution of blood supply to brain

- blockage from clot, fat embolus, or air bubble

Back 142

stroke

- to lateral medulla is loss of face or extremities

- to temporal is memory loss

Front 143

transient ischemic attacks

Back 143

- mini strokes

- blockage is temporary cutting off blood and oxygen to region

- no cell death

Front 144

fast for sudden loss of neurological function

Back 144

F= face muscles issues

A= raise arms above head only lift one

S= speech changed slurring

T= time to call help

Front 145

neural structures that are incorporated into other organs that are features of digestive system

Back 145

enteric nervous system (part of pns)

Front 146

anosmia

Back 146

loss of sense to smell

- olfactory severed

- results in loss of enjoyment of food

-

Front 147

ganglion

Back 147

group of neuron cell bodies in periphery

- sensory or autonomic

Front 148

common type of sensory ganglion is

Back 148

dorsal (pos) root ganglion

- axons that are sensory endings in periphery (skin) and extend into cns through dorsal nerve root

- enlargement of nerve root

- unipolar cells

- small round nuclei of stellite cells surround neuron cell bodies

Front 149

cranial nerve ganglion

Back 149

analogous to dorsla root ganglion but CRANIAL nerve instead of spinal nerve

- unipolar

- associated with satellite cells

Front 150

trigeminal ganglion is

Back 150

superficial to temporal bone

- nerves attached to mid pons of brain stem

Front 151

autonmoic nervous system divided into

Back 151

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 152

sympathetic chain ganglia

Back 152

row of ganglia along vertebral column that receive central input from lateral horn of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

Front 153

superior to chain ganglia are

Back 153

3 paravertebral ganglia in cervical region

Front 154

located outside of sympathetic chain ganglia

Back 154

prevertebral ganglia

- anterior to verterbral column

Front 155

neurons of autonomic ganglia are

Back 155

multipolar in shape

- dendrites radiation out around cell body

- neurons project to organs in head and neck, thoracic, ab, pelvic cavities to regulate sympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms

Front 156

terminal ganglia

Back 156

receive input from cranial nerves or sacral spinal nerves

- regulate parasympathetic aspect of homeostatic mechanisms

- below head and neck incorporated into wall of target organ as plexus (network of fibers or vessels)

Front 157

enteric plexus

Back 157

extensive network of axons and neurons in wall of small and large intestines

- ens

- gastric plexuses and esophageal plexus

- ens receives input from central neurons of ans and doesnt require cns input to function

Front 158

bundles of axons in pns are

Back 158

nerves

Front 159

outer surface of nerve is

Back 159

fibrous connective tissue called epineurium

Front 160

in nerve axons are bundled into

Back 160

fascicles

- these are surrounded by perineurium

Front 161

indivudual axons surrounded by

Back 161

loose ct called endoneurium

Front 162

cranial nerves

Back 162

- attached to brain

- responsible for snesory and motor funcitonsof head and neck

- thoracic and ab cavitities as part of parasymptathetic nervous system

- 12 CNI -CNXII

- originate out of sensory ganglia external to cranium or motor nuclei within the brain stem

- enter brain synapse in nucleus

- 3 composed of sesnory fibers, 5 of motor, 4 mixed nerves

Front 163

oculomotor nerve

Back 163

responsible for eye movements by controlling 4 of the extraocular muscles

- lifts upper eyelid and pupillary constricution

Front 164

trochlear nerve and abducens nerve

Back 164

eye movement by controlling extraocular muscles

Front 165

trigemnial nerve

Back 165

cutaneous sensations of face and control mastication muscles

Front 166

facial nerve

Back 166

muscles involved in facial expressions and taste and saliva

Front 167

vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 167

hearing and balance

Front 168

glossopharyngeal nerve

Back 168

controll muscle in oral cavity and upper throat, taste, saliva

Front 169

vagus nerve

Back 169

homeostatic control of organs of thoracic and upper abdominal cavities

- this targets autonomic ganglia in thoracic and upper ab cavitites

- gag reflex

Front 170

spinal accessory nerve

Back 170

control muscles of neck, with cervical spinal nerves

Front 171

hypoglossal nerve

Back 171

responsible for controlling muscles of lower throat and tongue

Front 172

oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal nerves

Back 172

contain fibers that contact autonomic ganglia

- oculomotor fibers initiate pupillary constriction

- other two intitae salivation

Front 173

CNI-CNXII

Back 173

CNI = olfactory

CNII= optic

CNVIII= vestibulocochlear

CNIII= oculomotor

CNIV= trochlear

CNVI= abducens

CNXI= spinal acessory

CNXII= hypoglossal

CNV= trigeminal

CNVII= facial

CNIX= glossopharyngeal

CNX= vagus

Front 174

1st, 2nd and 8th nerves are

Back 174

purely sensory

Front 175

three eyemovements nerves are

Back 175

all motor

- as is spinal accessory and hypoglossal nerves

Front 176

CNI

Back 176

-olfactory

- smell

- olfactory bulb

- olfactory epithelium

Front 177

CNII

Back 177

- optic

- vision

- hypothalamus/thalamus/midbrain

- retina

Front 178

CNIII

Back 178

oculomotor

- eye movement

- oculomotor nucleus

- extraocular muscles, levator palpebrae

Front 179

CNIV

Back 179

trochlear

- eye movements

- trochlear nucleus

- superior oblique muscle

Front 180

CNV

Back 180

trigeminal

- sensory/ motor face

- trigeminal nuclei in midbrain, pons, and medulla

- trigeminal

Front 181

CNVI

Back 181

abducens

- eye movements

- abducens nucleus

- lateral rectus muscle

Front 182

CNVII

Back 182

facial

- motor , face, taste

- facial nucleus, solitary nucleus, sup salivatory nucleus

- facial muscles

Front 183

CNVIII

Back 183

auditory (vestiubulococholear)

- hearing/ balance

- cochlear nucleus, vestibular nuclesu/ cerebellum

- spiral ganglion, vestibular ganglion

Front 184

CNIX

Back 184

glossopharyngeal

- motor throat taste

- solitary nucleus, inferior salivatory nucleus

- pharyngeal muscles

Front 185

CNX

Back 185

vagus

- motor/sensory- viscera

- medulla

- terminal ganglia serving thoracic and upper abdominal organs

Front 186

CNXI

Back 186

- spinal accessory

- motor head and neck

- spinal accessory nucleus

- neck muscles

Front 187

CNXII

Back 187

hypoglossal

- motor lower throat

- hypoglossal nucleus

- muscles of larynx and lower pharynx

Front 188

nerve arrangment of spinal are

Back 188

more regular than cranial

- and all combined sensory ad motor axons that seperate into two nerve roots

- 31 spinal nerves

c1-c8

t1-t12

l1-l5

s1-s5

Front 189

axons from different spinal nerves will come together into

Back 189

systemic nerve

- 4 places along length of the vertebral column each a nerve plexus

- 2 cervical, 1 lumbar, 1 sacral plexus

Front 190

cervical plexus

Back 190

axons from spinal nerves c1-c5

- branches into phrenic nerve and neck and head pos

- phrenic nerve connects diaphragm at base of thoracic cavity

Front 191

brachial plexus

Back 191

cervical level

- c4-t1

- nerves of arms

- radial nerve and axillary nerve

- ulnar nerve and median nerve

Front 192

lumbar plexus

Back 192

all lumbar spinal nerves

- enervates pelvic region and anterior leg

- femoral nerve

- saphenous nerve

Front 193

sacral plexus

Back 193

lower lumbar nerves l4 and l5 and s1-s4

- sciatic nerve (tibial nerbe and fibular nerve)

Front 194

t2-t11

Back 194

not part of plexuses but give rise to intercostal nerves between ribs

Front 195

lumbar plexus supplies nerves to

Back 195

ant leg

Front 196

this supplies nerves to post leg

Back 196

sacral plexus

l4-s4

Front 197

13. Aside from the nervous system, which other organ system develops out of the ectoderm?

a. digestive

b. respiratory

c. integumentary

d. urinary

Back 197

c. integumentary

Front 198

14. Which primary vesicle of the embryonic nervous system does not differentiate into more vesicles at the secondary stage?

a. prosencephalon

b. mesencephalon

c. diencephalon

d. rhombencephalon

Back 198

b. mesencephalon

Front 199

15. Which adult structure(s) arises from the diencephalon?

a. thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

b. midbrain, pons, medulla

c. pons and cerebellum

d. cerebrum

Back 199

a. thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

Front 200

16. Which non-nervous tissue develops from the neuroectoderm?

a. respiratory mucosa

b. vertebral bone

c. digestive lining

d. craniofacial bone

Back 200

d. craniofacial bone

Front 201

17. Which structure is associated with the embryologic development of the peripheral nervous system?

a. neural crest

b. neuraxis

c. rhombencephalon

d. neural tube

Back 201

a. neural crest

Front 202

18. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for generating motor commands?

a. temporal

b. parietal

c. occipital

d. frontal

Back 202

d. frontal

Front 203

19. What region of the diencephalon coordinates homeostasis?

a. thalamus

b. epithalamus

c. hypothalamus

d. subthalamus

Back 203

c. hypothalamus

Front 204

20. What level of the brain stem is the major input to the cerebellum?

a. midbrain

b. pons

c. medulla

d. spinal cord

Back 204

b. pons

Front 205

21. What region of the spinal cord contains motor neurons that direct the movement of skeletal muscles?

a. anterior horn

b. posterior horn

c. lateral horn

d. alar plate

Back 205

a. anterior horn

Front 206

22. Brodmann’s areas map different regions of the ________ to particular functions.

a. cerebellum

b. cerebral cortex

c. basal forebrain

d. corpus callosum

Back 206

b. cerebral cortex

Front 207

23. What blood vessel enters the cranium to supply the brain with fresh, oxygenated blood?

a. common carotid artery

b. jugular vein

c. internal carotid artery

d. aorta

Back 207

c. internal carotid artery

Front 208

24. Which layer of the meninges surrounds and supports the sinuses that form the route through which blood drains from the CNS?

a. dura mater

b. arachnoid mater

c. subarachnoid

d. pia mater

Back 208

a. dura mater

Front 209

25. What type of glial cell is responsible for filtering blood to produce CSF at the choroid plexus?

a. ependymal cell

b. astrocyte

c. oligodendrocyte

d. Schwann cell

Back 209

a. ependymal cell

Front 210

26. Which portion of the ventricular system is found within the diencephalon?

a. lateral ventricles

b. third ventricle

c. cerebral aqueduct

d. fourth ventricle

Back 210

b. third ventricle

Front 211

27. What condition causes a stroke?

a. inflammation of meninges

b. lumbar puncture

c. infection of cerebral spinal fluid

d. disruption of blood to the brain

Back 211

d. disruption of blood to the brain

Front 212

28. What type of ganglion contains neurons that control homeostatic mechanisms of the body?

a. sensory ganglion

b. dorsal root ganglion

c. autonomic ganglion

d. cranial nerve ganglion

Back 212

c. autonomic ganglion

Front 213

29. Which ganglion is responsible for cutaneous sensations of the face?

a. otic ganglion

b. vestibular ganglion

c. geniculate ganglion

d. trigeminal ganglion

Back 213

d. trigeminal ganglion

Front 214

30. What is the name for a bundle of axons within a nerve?

a. fascicle

b. tract

c. nerve root

d. epineurium

Back 214

a. fascicle

Front 215

31. Which cranial nerve does not control functions in the head and neck?

a. olfactory

b. trochlear

c. glossopharyngeal

d. vagus

Back 215

d. vagus

Front 216

32. Which of these structures is not under direct control of the peripheral nervous system?

a. trigeminal ganglion

b. gastric plexus

c. sympathetic chain ganglia

d. cervical plexus

Back 216

b. gastric plexus