Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Central Nervous System
|
Brain and Spinal Cord
|
|
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
Nerves and Ganglia
|
|
|
3 Functions of the nervous system
|
Sensory input, integration, motor output
|
|
|
Sensory input
|
collects info. detects changes in the environment, recieves and transmits to cns
|
|
|
Integration
|
processing and evaluating info. interprets the input
|
|
|
motor output
|
transmits info from cns to body, elicits response
|
|
|
neurons
|
conduct impulses from one part of the body to another, extreme longevity, do not divide, high metabolic rate
|
|
|
supporting cells
|
glia, mitosis, do not conduct electric impulses, assist neurons, PROTECT and NEURISH
|
|
|
Structure of a neuron
|
cell body - control center sends impulse, dendrites branch off cell body, axon longer nerve cell, synapses
|
|
|
Structureal classification of neurons
|
anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
|
|
|
anaxonic
|
without axon
|
|
|
Sensory neurons
|
detect stimulus
|
|
|
motor neurons
|
elicit response from effector organ
|
|
|
interneurons
|
process info. modify response
|
|
|
Glial Cells in CNS
|
astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes
|
|
|
astrocytes
|
control ionic environment
|
|
|
ependymal cells
|
help circulate cerebral spinal fluid
|
|
|
microglia
|
phagocytes-eat bacteria
|
|
|
oligodendrocytes
|
wrap neuronal processes with myelin
|
|
|
Glial cells in the PNS
|
satellite cells, neurolemmocytes(Schwann cells)
|
|
|
Satellite Cells
|
Surround cell bodies
|
|
|
neurolemmocytes (Schwann Cells)
|
Surround axons in the PNS with myelin
|
|
|
Myelin
|
fatty substance made of lipids and proteins
|
|
|
Myelin Sheath
|
Increases the speed of impulse conduction
|
|
|
Neuralfibril nodes(Nodes of Ranvier)
|
Gaps between myelin bundles, nerve impulses are allowed to jump from one node to the next
|
|
|
Unmyelinated Axons
|
No myelin, neurolemmocytes can also surround unmyelinated axons, but they do not form a myelin sheath around them
|
|
|
2 types of synapses
|
Electrical, chemical
|
|
|
Electrical Synapse
|
Animals, fast and secure, 2 way signal
|
|
|
Chemical Synapse
|
Presynaptic neuron, post synaptic neuron, synaptic cleft
|
|
|
Demyelination
|
loss or destruction of myelin in the cns and pns leads to loss of sensation and motor control
|
|
|
Neuritis
|
Inflammation of a nerve
|
|
|
Neuropathy
|
Classical term for a disorder affecting any segment of the nervous system
|
|
|
Neurotoxin
|
Any poison that acts specifically on nervous tissue
|
|
|
Nerves
|
Group of nerve cells, long axons in same direction, IN PNS
|
|
|
Tracts
|
Collections of nerves traveling to similar destination
-specific to areas |
|
|
Ganglia
|
Inside, swelling, inside nerve cell bodies
|
|
|
Grey Matter
|
non milinated nervous tissue. Somas, dendrites, non milinated axons
|
|
|
White Matter
|
Group of milinated axons, white appearance
|
|
|
Meninges
|
Membranes in CNS
Dura Mater - outer layer Arachnoid - Spider like - middle layer Pia Mater - On brain surface Cranial dural septa |
|
|
Ventricle
|
Contains CSF
|
|
|
CSF
|
clear fluid, Circulatory system - neurishes and pics up waste, Liquid Cushion - cushion between bone and brain, Buoyancy - floating brain
|
|
|
Blood brain barrier
|
BBB - blood vessels have tight junctions control blood in brain
|
|
|
Lateral Ventricles
|
Top two parts in hemisphere - makes CSF
|
|
|
Third Ventricle
|
Midbrain - drains to 4th
|
|
|
Fourth ventricle
|
Brain stem & cerebellum - branches that send through subarachnoid space
|
|
|
Adult brain structures
|
cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, sulci, gyri, fissure
|
|
|
Cerebral Hemispheres
|
Largest part of brain
|
|
|
Diencephalon
|
central core of brain
|
|
|
Cerebellum
|
posterior/inferior portion
|
|
|
Brainstem
|
Medulla
|
|
|
Frontal Lobe
|
motor commands, speech, personality, judgement, analytical thinking
|
|
|
Parietal Lobe
|
Somatosensory, feeling
|
|
|
Temporal Lobe
|
Auditory, Smell, remember noises
|
|
|
Occipital lobe
|
Visual
|
|
|
Insula
|
Memory, taste, long term memory
|
|
|
Corpus Callosum
|
connects 2 sides, nerve tracts share info
|
|
|
Transverse fissure
|
between cerebrum and cerebellum
|
|
|
Longitudinal Fissure
|
superior of brain, deep groove
|
|
|
Central sulcus
|
divides frontal from parietl lobes
|
|
|
Parieto occipital sulcus
|
Divides parietal and occipital lobes
|
|
|
Lateral sulcus
|
Divides frontal and parietal from temporal
|
|
|
Precentral gyrus
|
in front of central sulcus - voluntary motor movements
|
|
|
Postcentral gyrus
|
behind central sulcus - body sensation
|
|
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
site of consciousness, gray matter on the superficial surface of cerebrum
|
|
|
Motor areas
|
Movement of skeletal muscles - autonomic movement
|
|
|
Sensory areas
|
Picking up info. from environment
|
|
|
3 Motor areas
|
primary motor cortex, motor speech area, frontal eye field
|
|
|
Primary Motor Cortex
|
central gyris, motor homunculus - specific movements for body parts
|
|
|
Motor homunculus
|
Specific movements for body parts
|
|
|
Motor Speech Area
|
Controls muscle movement, breathing and sounds
|
|
|
Frontal eye field
|
controls movements of the eye
|
|
|
5 Sensory Areas
|
Primary somatosensory cortex, visual areas, auditory areas, gustatory cortex, olfactory cortex
|
|
|
Primary somatosensory cortex
|
sensory homunculus - post central gyrus - takes sensory from parts of body
|
|
|
Visual Areas
|
occipital lobe - octic nerve
|
|
|
Auditory Cortex
|
Responses
|
|
|
Gustatory Cortex
|
Taste - Tissue on lateral sulcus
|
|
|
Olfactory Cortex
|
Smell, on superior temporal
|
|
|
7 association areas
|
premotor cortex, somatosensory association area, auditory association area, visual association area, wernickes area, gnostic area, prefrontal cortex (phineas gage)
|
|
|
Premotor cortex
|
planned movements
|
|
|
Somatosensory association area
|
association of feelings or senses with joints
|
|
|
Auditory association area
|
music, noise association
|
|
|
Visual association area
|
sight
|
|
|
Wernickes area
|
Control speaking and thought process
|
|
|
Gnostic area
|
found in wernickes area - hearing, visual, sensory
|
|
|
Prefrontal Cortex (Phineas Gage)
|
personality - learning and reasoning
|
|
|
Cerebral White Matter
|
axon tracts, association fibers, commissures, projection fibers
|
|
|
Association fibers of white matter
|
connect cerebral cortex to cc on same hemisphere
|
|
|
Commissures
|
Travel through corpus collosum
|
|
|
Projection fibers
|
run vertically
|
|
|
Cerebral nuclei (Basal nuclei)
|
helps control skeletal voluntary movements
-regulating intensity of movements -starting/stopping of voluntary movements |
|
|
Parkinsons Disease
|
Very Shaky
|
|
|
4 Parts of diencephalon
|
epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
|
|
|
Epithalamus
|
Choroid Plexus - make up CSF
Pineal Gland - In back of midbrain, secretes melatonin, control sleep wake patterns |
|
|
Thalamus
|
Forms mushroom shape, SENSORY info. passes through
|
|
|
Hypothalamus
|
Brain tissue - forms indirect control of cardiac output and vasodilation
-controls thirst and urine output -hunger and body temp. |
|
|
Pituitary Gland
|
Anterior and posterior - hormone producing - suspended by infradibulum
|
|
|
Brain Stem
|
Midbrain, corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral peduncles, pons, medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Corpora Quadrigemina
|
4 twin bodies
|
|
|
Superior Colliculi
|
Visual Reflux - 2 bumps
|
|
|
Inferior Colliculi
|
Auditory reflux
|
|
|
Cerebral peduncles
|
Nerve tracts - ascending - to brain descending mesage out of body, passes info, connects pons to cerebrum
|
|
|
Pons
|
Control over respitory behavior
|
|
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
Brain stem, controls breathing, holds cranial nerves, cardio control, REGULATES HEART BEAT and BP, BREATHING AND SWALLOWING****
|
|
|
Cerebellum
|
Made of folea plates - 2 hemispheres-
|
|
|
Cerebellar hemispheres
|
connect by vermis - cortex, white matter, deep ceerebellar nuclei, fine tune movements,body movements, reticular formation, limbic system
|
|
|
Reticular formation
|
reticular activating system - awareness, awake, asleep, dead
|
|
|
Limbic system
|
Emotional behavior patterns
|
|
|
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs)
|
Stroke- depends on severity, kills 150,00 a year
|
|
|
Alzheimers Disease
|
Degenerative disease - brain shrinks, deterioration, beta amilon protein, senil plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
|
|
|
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
|
Lou Gehrigs disease - starts at age 65-70, muscular weakness, degeneration of motor neurons and skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Multiple Sclerosis
|
Auto Immune Disease - infection makes antibodies that destroy myolin sheath - does not conduct electrical impulses
|
|
|
Cerebral Palsy
|
Brain malfunction, brain develops wrong, chord wraps around babys neck, poor muscle usage, speech problems, def and blind
|
|
|
Nerve I
|
Olfactory, smell, sensory
|
|
|
Nerve II (2)
|
Optic, Vision, Sensory
|
|
|
Nerve III (3)
|
Oculomotor, Eye muscles, motor
|
|
|
Nerve IV (4)
|
Trochlear, eye muscles, motor
|
|
|
Nerve V (5)
|
Trigeminal, sensory face, motor jaw muscles
|
|
|
Nerve VI (6)
|
Abducens, Eye Muscles, Motor
|
|
|
Nerve VII (7)
|
Facial, sensory taste, motor face & glands
|
|
|
Nerve VIII (8)
|
Vestibulocochlear, equilibrium, hearing, sensory
|
|
|
Nerve IX (9)
|
Glossopharyngeal, motor salivary glands, sensory tongue
|
|
|
Nerve X (10)
|
Vagus, motor pharynx & larynx, sensory heart & viscera
|
|
|
Nerve XI (11)
|
Accessory, neck muscles, soft palate, motor
|
|
|
Nerve XII (12)
|
Hypoglossal, tongue, motor
|
