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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure?
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Anatomy
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Study of the structural changes that occur b/w conception and adulthood
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Developmental anatomy
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subspecialty of developmental Anatomy that considers changes from conception to the 8th week of development
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embryology
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examines the structural features of cells
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Cytology
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Examines tissues
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Histology
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Study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of the body system by system
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Systemic Anatomy
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Study of the body by area
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Regional Anatomy
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Structures that are unusual or irregular from the normal pattern
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Anatomical Anomalies
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study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures
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Surface Anatomy
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uses radiographs, xrays, ultrasounds, MRI's
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Anatomical Imaging
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scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
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Physiology
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examines the processes occurring in the cells
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Cell Physiology
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Considers the functions of the organ systems
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Systemic Physiology
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Focuses on the nervous system
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Neurophysiology
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focuses on the heart and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular Physiology
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Medical Science dealing with all aspects of disease with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease
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Pathology
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Focuses on changes in function and in structure caused by exercise
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Exercise Physiology
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Basic structural and functional units of organisms
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Cell
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small structures that make up the cell
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Organelles
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group of similar cells and the materials that surround them
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Tissues
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Composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform one or more common function
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Organ
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Group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit
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Organ System
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any living thing considered as a whole
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organism
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condition in which the parts of an organism have a specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform a specific function
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Organization
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all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organism
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Metabolism
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Provides Protection, regulates temp., reduces water loss, and produces Vitamin D.
Consists of: skin, hair, nails, and sweat Glands |
Integumentary system
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Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fats.
Consists of: Bones, associated Cartilages, Ligaments, and Joints. |
Skeletal System
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Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
Consists of: Muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. |
Muscular System
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Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and transports fats from the digestive tract.
Consists of: the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs. |
Lymphatic System
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Exchanges Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide b/w the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
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Respiratory System
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Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes.
Consists of: the mouth,esophagus,stomach,intestines, and accessory system. |
Digestive System
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A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions.
Consists of: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors |
Nervous system
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A Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Consists of: glands such as pituitary, that secrete hormones. |
Endocrine System
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Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of the body temperature.
Consists of: The heart, blood vessels, and blood |
Cardiovascular System
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Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
Consists of: Kidneys, Urinary Bladder, and ducts that carry Urine. |
Urinary System
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Produces Oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn;produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of: Ovaries, Vagina, Uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. |
Female Reproductive System
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Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
Consists of: Testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis. |
Male Reproductive System
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Organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.
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Responsiveness
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Cells increase in size and numbers, which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism.
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Growth
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Includes the changes an organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at death.
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Development
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Change in Cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
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Differentiation
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Change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.
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Morphogenesis
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Formation of a new cell or new organism.
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Reproduction
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existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment with the body.
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Homeostasis
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Volume, temp, and chemical content
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Variables
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Ideal normal temp value
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Set point
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slight increases and decreases in temp around the set point
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Normal Range
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Mechanism which maintains homeostasis
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Negative-feedback
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monitors value of the variable
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Receptor
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Receives info about the variable from the receptors, establishes the set point, and controls the effector.
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Control Center
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Produces responses that change the value of the variable
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Effector
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Significant drop of blood pressure upon standing
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Orthostatic hypotension
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reponses are not in homeostasis.
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Positive-feedback
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Person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward.
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Anatomical Position
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Lying face upward
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Supine
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Lying face down
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Prone
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superior
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up
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Inferior
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down
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anterior
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front
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posterior
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back
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cephalic
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up
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caudal
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down
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ventral
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belly
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dorsal
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back
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Proximal
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nearest
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distal
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distant
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medial
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toward the midline
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lateral
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away from midline
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Structure close to surface of body
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Superficial
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toward the interior of the body
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deep
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extends from the shoulder to the elbow
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arm
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extends from elbow to wrist
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forearm
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extends from hip to knee
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thigh
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extends from knee to ankle
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leg
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central region of the body
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head, neck, and trunk
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3 parts of trunk
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thorax abdomen pelvis
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one horz. line and one vert.
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quadrants
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2 horz. lines and 2 vert lines.
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regions
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imaginary flat surfaces
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planes
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planes that run vertically through the body
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sagittal
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sagittal plane that runs through the midline of the body
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median
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horizontal plane that runs parallel to the ground
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Transverse
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plane that runs vertically from right to left and divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
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Frontal or coronal
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Cut through the long axis of an organ
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Longitudinal
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section of organ cut at right angles to the long axis
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Cross or transverse
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cut other than a right angle
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oblique
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rib cage surrounds this
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Thoracic Cavity
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divided into right and left part median partition called the....
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mediastinum
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primarily enclose by the abdominal muscles
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abdominal cavity
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pelvic bones encase the small space known as the....
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pelvic cavity
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abdominal and pelvic cavities combines
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abdominopelvic cavity
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cover the organs of the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities.
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Serous Membranes
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Covers the organ
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Visceral serous membrane
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outside of the organ
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Parietal serous membrane
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surrounds the heart
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pericardial cavity
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surrounds the lungs
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pleural cavity
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abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane-lines cavity called the...
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peritoneal cavity
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inflammation of the pericarduim
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pleura
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pleurisy
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inflammation of the peritoneum
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peritonitis
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2 layers or peritoneum fused together
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Mesenteries
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Kidney's, adrenal gland's, pancreas, parts of the intestine, urinary bladder
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retroperitoneal
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international unit for mass
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Kilogram
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anything that occupies space
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matter
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amount of matter in an object
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mass
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gravitational force on an object of a given mass
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weight
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1/1000 kg
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gram
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smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element
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atom
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no electric charge
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neutron
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one positive charge
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proton
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one negative charge
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electron
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center of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons.
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Nucleus
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region where an electron is most likely to be found
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electron cloud
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equal to the number of protons in an atom
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atomic number
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number of protons and the number of neutrons in each atom
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mass number
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two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a diff number of electrons
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isotopes
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used to avoid using such small numbers
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unified atomic mass unit (u) or Dalton (Da)
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average mass of its naturally occurring isotopes
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atomic mass
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6.022X10^23
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Avogadro's number
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contains avogadro's number of entities such as atoms,ions, or molecules.
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mole (mol)
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mass of one mole of the substance expressed in grams
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molar mass
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outermost electrons are shared or transfered b/w atoms
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chemical bonding
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atom that losses or gains electrons and the protons are no longer equal the charged particle is called a ....
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ion
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positively charged ions
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cations
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negatively charged ions
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anions
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cations and anions that remain relatively close to each other
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ionic bonding
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atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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covalent bonding
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electron pair shared b/w 2 atoms
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single covalent bond
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2 atoms share 4 electrons
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double covalent bond
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nucleus of one atom attracts the electrons more strongly than does the nucleus of the other atom
Common in living and nonliving matter |
polar covalent bond
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composed of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically combined
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compound
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adding up the atomic masses of its atoms
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molecular mass
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result from weak electrostatic attractions b/w the oppositely charged parts of molecules, or b/w ions and molecules
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Intermolecular forces
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pos. charged hydrogen molecule is attracted to the neg. charged oxygen, nitrogen, or flourine, of another molecule.
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hydrogen bond
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ability of one substance to dissolve in another
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solubility
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seperation of ionic compounds when dissolved
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dissociate
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cation and anions that dissociate in water
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electrolytes
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molecules that do not dissociate form solutions that do not conduct electricity and are called....
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nonelectrolytes
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atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact either to form or break chemical bonds.
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chemical reactions
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substances that enter into a chemical reaction
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reactants
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substances that result from the chemical reactions
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products
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2 or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
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synthesis reaction
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synthesis reactions in which water is a product
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dehydration reactions
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all synthesis reactions that occur within the body
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anabolism
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reverse of a synthesis reaction
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decomposition reaction
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reactions that require water to be split in 2 parts.
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hydrolysis reactions
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decomposition reactions that occur within the body
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catabolism
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all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions that happen in the body
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metabolism
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chemical reaction in which the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants.
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Reversible reaction
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rate of product formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
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equilibrium
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loss of an electron by an atom
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oxidation
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gain of an election by an ation
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reduction
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reactions of gaining or losing electrons
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oxidation-reduction reactions
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capacity to do work
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energy
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to move matter
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work
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stored energy that could do work but is not
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potential energy
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form of energy that actually does work ann moves matter
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kinetic energy
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energy resulting from the position or movements of objects.
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mechanical energy
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energy that flows b/w objects that are diff. temp.
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heat energy
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minimum NRG that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction.
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activation NRG
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substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions w/o being permanently changed or depleted.
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Catalysts
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protein catalysts
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enzymes
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deals with substances that do not contain carbon
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inorganic chem.
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study of carbon containing substances
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organic chem.
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2 hydrogen atom and 1 oxygen atom
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Water
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amount of heat required to raise temp.
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specific heat.
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combination of 2 or more substances physically blended together
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mixture
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mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary b/w the substances.
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Solution
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dissolves in the solvent
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Solute
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mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually physically blended
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suspension
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mixture which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout a dispersing substance.
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Colloid
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express number of particles in a solution
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osmoles
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reflection of the numbers of particles in a solution
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osmolality
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1/1000 of an osmole
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milliosmole
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proton donor
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acid
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proton acceptor
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base
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refers to the H+ concentration in a solution
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pH scale
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pure water has this...
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Neutral Solution
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less that 7 on pH scale
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acidic
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greater then 7 on the pH scale
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Alkaline or Basic
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consist of a cation greater than H+ and an anion other the OH-
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salt
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solution of a conjugate acid-base pairs in which the acid component occur in similar concentration
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Buffer
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conjugate acid is formed when an H+ is transferred to the conjugate base
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Conjugate acid-base pair
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2 oxygen atoms bound 2gether by a covalent bond O2
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Oxygen
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CO2 one carbon atom and 2 oxygen atom
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Carbon Dioxide
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composed primarily by carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
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Carbohydrates
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large carbohydrates are composed of this
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monosaaccharides
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molecules that have the same number and types of atoms but differ in thier 3-d arrangement
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isomers
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composed of 2 diff sugars bonded together by a dehydration reaction
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disaccharides
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table sugar
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sucrose
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many monosaccharides bound 2gether to form long chains that are either straight or branched
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polysaccharides
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animal starch
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glycogen
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2 important polysaccharides found in plants
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starch and cellulose
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major type of lipid
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fat
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straight chain of carbon atoms w/ a carboxyl group attached to one end
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fatty acids
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consists of both an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom
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carboxyl group
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fatty acid that contains only single covalent bonds b/w carbon atoms
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saturated
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fatty acid that contains one or more double covalent bonds b/w carbon atoms
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unsaturated
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fatty acid that only contains one double covalent bond b/w carbon atoms
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monounsaturated fats
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fatty acid that has 2 or more double covalent bond b/w carbon atoms.
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polyunsaturated fats
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one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphate and usually nitrogen
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phospholipids
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polar end of the molecule attracted to the water
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hydrophilic
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non polar end repelled by water
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hydrophobic
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group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids
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eicosanoids
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3 eicosanoids
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prostaglandins thromboxanes and leukotrienz
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differ in chemical structure from other lipid molecules
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steroids
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lipids that structures are not closely related to one another
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fat-soluble vitamins
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contain hydrogen, oxygen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound 2gether by covalent bonds, and most contain sulfur
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proteins
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basic building blocks for protein
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amino acids
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covalent bonds b/w amino acid molecules during protein synthesis
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peptide bonds
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determined by the sequence of the amino acids bound by peptide bonds
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primary structure
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results from bending or folding the polypeptide chain caused by the hydrogen bonds b/w amino acids.
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secondary structure
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caused by abnormally high temp. or changes in the pH of body fluids.
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denaturation
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results from the folding of the pleated sheets
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tertiary structure
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TERTIARY STRUCTURE DETERMINES THE SHAPE OF THIS.
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domain
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spatial relationship b/w individual subunits.
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quaternary structure
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protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without the it being permanently changed.
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enzyme
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determines structure of the enzyme's
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active site
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reaction occurs when the reactants bind to the active site on the enzyme
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lock-and-key method
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view of reactants as rigid structures fitting together. (Modified)
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induced fit model
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nonprotein substances that some enzymes require
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cofactors
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cofactors that are organic molecules
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coenzymes
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enzyme that catalyst breakdown the lipids
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lipase
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enzyme that breakdown proteins
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protease
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genetic material of cells
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DNA
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structurally related to DNA
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RNA
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large molecules composed of carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus
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nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA consists of basic building blocks called....
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Nucleotides
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organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds
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complementary base pairs
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2 strands lie side by side
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antiparallel
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RNA molecules
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Genes
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consists of adenosine and 3 phosphate groups.
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Adenosine triphosphate
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