Anatomy : Chapter 7

Front 1

skeletal system consists of

Back 1

bones, cartilages, ligamens

Front 2

________ provides flexible strength and support for body structures such as the thoracic cage, the external ear, and the trachea and larynx.

-At joints of the body, this can also unite adjacent bones or provide cushioning between them.

Back 2

cartilage

Front 3

_______ are the strong connective tissue bands that hold the bones at a moveable joint together and serve to prevent excessive movements of the joint that would result in injury.

Back 3

Ligaments

Front 4

Providing movement of the skeleton are the muscles of the body, which are firmly attached to the skeleton via connective tissue structures called _______

Back 4

tendons.

Front 5

in adults there are ____ bones

Back 5

206 bones

Front 6

younger people have ____ bones

Back 6

more bones bc some fuse thogether

Front 7

bones functions

Back 7

- provide support for internal organs

- primary storage site for minerals like calcium and phosphate

- bone marrow stores fat and houses the blodo cell producing tissue of the body

Front 8

skeleton subdivided into 2 divisions

Back 8

axial and appendicular

Front 9

forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back

- protects brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs

- attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back, and muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints

Back 9

axial skeleton

Front 10

axial skeleton of adult consists of ___ bones

Back 10

80 bones

- including skull, vertebral column. thoracic cage

Front 11

skull is formed by ___ bones

Back 11

22 bones

- 7 additional bones associated with the head (hyoid bone and ear ossicles)

Front 12

vertebral column consists of ___ bones, plus the sacrum and coccyx

Back 12

24 bones

- called vertebra

Front 13

thoracic cage includes ___ pairs of ribs

Back 13

12 pairs of ribs

- and the sternum

Front 14

Back 14

know

Front 15

appendicular skeleton is made up of all

Back 15

bones of the upper and lower limbs

- also the bones that attach each limb to the axial skeleton

Front 16

___ bones in the appendicular skeleton of an adult

Back 16

126 bones

Front 17

skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain

- facial bones and brain case (or cranial vault)

Back 17

cranium (skull)

Front 18

brain case or cranial vault

Back 18

protects brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures

Front 19

in adult skull consists of ___ individual bones

Back 19

22 individual bones

- 21 are immobile and united into a single unit

- 22nd bone is the mandible (lower jaw) = only moveable bone of the skull

Front 20

only moveable bone of the skull

Back 20

mandible (lower jaw)

Front 21

anterior view of skull

Back 21

- facial bones, nasal cavity, upper and lower jaws

Front 22

bony socket that houses the eyeball and muscles that move the eyball or open the upper eyelid

Back 22

orbit

Front 23

upper margin of the anterior orbit

Back 23

supraorbital margin

Front 24

located near the midepoint of the supraorbital margin is a small opening called

- which provides for passage of a sensory nerve to the skin of the forehead

Back 24

supraorbital foramen

Front 25

below the orbit is the ____

- which is the point of emergence for a sensory nerve that supplies the anterior face below the orbit

Back 25

infraorbital foramen

Front 26

Back 26

know

Front 27

glabella

- anterior view of skull

Back 27

inbetween eyebrows

Front 28

supraorbital foramen

- anterior view of skull

Back 28

inner eyebrow

Front 29

supraorbital margin

- anterior view of skull

Back 29

outer eyebrow

Front 30

sphenoid bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 30

center back of eyes

Front 31

temporal bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 31

temple area

Front 32

ethmoid bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 32

just inner to the syphenoid bone

Front 33

nasal bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 33

nose bone

Front 34

palatine bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 34

just below the ethmoid bone

Front 35

nasal septum consists of

Back 35

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bond and vomer bone

Front 36

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

- anterior view of skull

- in nasal septum

Back 36

upper rod in nasal cavity

Front 37

vomer bone

- anterior view of skull

- in nasal septum

Back 37

lower rod in nasal cavity

Front 38

maxilla

- anterior view of skull

Back 38

above teeth

Front 39

alveolar process of maxilla

- anterior view of skull

Back 39

below maxilla above teeth

Front 40

menal foramen

- anterior view of skull

Back 40

outer chin

Front 41

mandible

- anterior view of skull

Back 41

center butt chin

Front 42

alveolar process of mandible

- anterior view of skull

Back 42

above mandible below teeth

Front 43

inferior nasal concha

- anterior view of skull

Back 43

lower side bone in nasal cavity

Front 44

middle nasal concha

- anterior view of skull

Back 44

upper side bone in nasal cavity

Front 45

infraorbital foramen

- anterior view of skull

Back 45

inner cheek

Front 46

zygomatic bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 46

cheek bone

Front 47

inferior orbital fissure

- anterior view of skull

Back 47

outer lower fissure in sphenoid bone

Front 48

hypothalamus controls

Back 48

homeostasis

Front 49

lacrimal bone

- anterior view of skull

Back 49

inside orbit and outside nasal bone

Front 50

superior orbital fissure

- anterior view of skull

Back 50

biggest fissure in orbit

Front 51

optic canal

- anterior view of skull

Back 51

little inner fissure/hole in cavity

Front 52

orbit

- anterior view of skull

Back 52

eye socket

Front 53

parietal bone

Back 53

above temporal bone and outside of frontal bone

Front 54

smallest of the separate vertebrae and allow the most mobility

Back 54

vervical vertebra (C1-C7)

Front 55

C1 - atlas

Back 55

no body, superior articulating surface articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull allowing the yes-yes motion of the head

Front 56

C2 - axis

Back 56

dens (odontoid process) which, with the transverse ligaments holding it against the anterior arch of the atlas, allows the no- no motion of the head (rotation)

Front 57

C3-C7

Back 57

bifid spinous process, transverse foramina, oval shaped body

- c7 is bump at the base of the neck

Front 58

thoracic vertebra (T1-T12)

Back 58

these articulate with the ribs

they are :

- long, slender spinous process

- heart shaped body

- coastal facets ( on superior and inferior edges of body (centrum)) = these articulate with the head ( end ) of a rib

- transverse coastal facets on the transverse processes articulate with the tubercle of the rib

Front 59

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

Back 59

largest of the vertebrae, and least movable; they bear the weight of the torso

- stout body

- broad, short spine

- large flat transverse process

Front 60

sacrum identifying features

Back 60

- median sacral crest (spinous processes are fused)

- sacral foramina (for passage of spinal nerves and blood vessels)

- auricular surface (auricle refers to the ear)

Front 61

auricular surface articulates with what bone

Back 61

hip bone

Front 62

auricular surface articulation with the hip bone name

Back 62

sacroiliac joint

Front 63

- small, wide side to side

- short bifid, projects directly posteriorly

- vertebral foramen= triangular

- transverse process = contain foramina

- superior/ inferior artiuclar process = sup facet to sup pos; inf facet to inf ant

Back 63

cervical c3-c7

Front 64

- larger than cervical, heart shaped, bears two costal demfacets

- long sharp, prjects inferiorly

- vertebral foramen= circular

- transverse process = bears facets for the ribs (except T11 and T12)

- superior/ inferior artiuclar process = sup facet to pos; inf facet to ant

- have sites for rib attachment

Back 64

THORACIC

Front 65

- massive, kidney shaped

- short, blunt, projects directly posteriorly

- vertebral foramen= triangular

- transverse process = thin and tapered

- superior/ inferior artiuclar process = sup facet to posmed; inf facet to antlat

Back 65

lumbar

Front 66

____ holds weight of the head and articulates with the occipital condyles on the occipital bone

Back 66

atlas C1

Front 67

dens is on the axis __

- forms an axis of rotation for the atlas rotating on the axis

Back 67

C2

Front 68

only ____ vertebrae have foramina in their transverse processes

- spinous processes are biffid (split at the end)

Back 68

cervical

Front 69

spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae are often

Back 69

long and thin and point caudally

Front 70

superior articular processes and facets of the thoracic vertebrae face

Back 70

posteriorly

Front 71

posteriorly facing facets alow

Back 71

rotation in the thoracic region

Front 72

spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae are often

Back 72

shorter and more square

Front 73

superior articular proceesses and facets of the lumbar vertebrae face

Back 73

medially

Front 74

medially facing facets allow

Back 74

flexion extesion in the lumbar region

Front 75

vertebrae are seperrated by

Back 75

intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage which absorb shocks

- has 2 major regions= central gelatinous nucleus pulposus and outer ring of encircling colagen fibers called the anulus fibrosis that stabilizes teh disc and contains the nucleus pulposus

Front 76

herniated disc

Back 76

ruptured disc

- anulus fibrosus ruptures and nuceus pulposes protrudes (herniates) through it

- compresses adjacent nerves

Front 77

thoracic and sacral curvatures of the spie are

Back 77

primary curvatures

- bc they are present at birth

Front 78

this becomes prominant when the baby holds its head up

Back 78

cervical curvature

Front 79

this becomes prominent when the baby begins to walk

Back 79

lumbar curvature

Front 80

fetus vertebrae bone number

Back 80

33

Front 81

adult vertebrae bone number

Back 81

24

- 5 sacral and 4 coccysx bones of the fetus fuse together

Front 82

in fetus

Back 82

- more bones

- carpals and tarsals are not osiied

- component parts of the sternum are not fused

- frontal bone is split at the midsaggital line at the metopic suture

Front 83

fontanelle

Back 83

soft membraneous spot on the head of a baby due to incomplete fusion of the crnial bones

- ossification causes the fontanelle to close by 18 to 24 months

Front 84

organ protected by sternum

Back 84

lungs and heart

Front 85

what bone articulates at the claviuclar notch

Back 85

manubrium of sternum

Front 86

point of attachment for several ligaments and muscles

Back 86

xiphoid process

- lower part of sternum

Front 87

fetus skull has these fontanels

Back 87

has anterior fontaneal, sphenoid fontanel, posterio fontanel, mastoid fontanel

Front 88

nasal cavity is divided into halves by the

Back 88

nasal septum

Front 89

upper portion of the nasal septum is formed by the

Back 89

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the lower portion is the vomer bone

Front 90

each side of the nasal cavity is this shape

Back 90

triangular in shape, with a broad inferior space that narrows superiorly

Front 91

bony plates prjecting from each lateral wall

- these are

Back 91

inferior nasal concha

- independent bone of the skull

Front 92

above inferior concha

- part of the ethmoid bone

Back 92

middle and superior (lateral to perpendicular plate) nasal conchae

Front 93

seperating brain case from jaw is

Back 93

zygomatic arch

Front 94

bony arch on the side of the skull that spans from cheek to above the ear canal

- formed by : temporal process of the zygomatic bone (short anterior component) and zygomatic process of the temporal bone (longer posterior portion)

- temporal process anteriorly and zygomatic process posteriorly join together to form arch

Back 94

zygomatic arch

Front 95

above the zygomatic arch is a shallow space called the ______

- contain muscles that act on the mandible during chewing

Back 95

temporal fossa

Front 96

inferior to the zygomatic arch and deep to the vertical portion of the mandible is ____

- contain muscles that act on the mandible during chewing

Back 96

infratemporal fossa

Front 97

cranial cavity

Back 97

interior space of the brain case that is occupied by the brain

- bound superiorly by the rounded top of the skull (calvaria) and flat bones

Front 98

floor of the brain case

Back 98

base of the skull

- has openings cranial nerves, blood vessels, and spinal cord

- subdivided into 3 large spaces : anterior cranial ossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fosa

- from anterior to posterior the fossae increase in depth

Front 99

ditch

Back 99

fossa

Front 100

brain case consists of __ bones

- these consist of the paired parietal and temporal bones, plus unpaired frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones

Back 100

8

Front 101

this forms most of the upper lateral side of the skull

- paired bones

- bound anteriorly by the frontal bone, inferiorly by the temporal bone, and posteriorly by the occipital bone

Back 101

parietal bone

Front 102

forms hte lower lateral side of the skull

- where hair first turns gray

- flattened, upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone

- projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch

- posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and projecting inferiorly from here is a large prominence the mastoid process which is a muscle attachment site (behind earlobe)

- interior of skull the petrous portion of the temporal bone forms the prominent diagonally oriented petrous ridge (insdie this are small cavities that house the structures of the middle and inner ears)

Back 102

temporal bone

Front 103

Back 103

know

Front 104

- flattened, upper portion is the ______portion of the temporal bone

Back 104

squamous

Front 105

- projecting anteriorly is the ________ which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch

Back 105

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

Front 106

- posteriorly is the_______ of the temporal bone and projecting inferiorly from here is a large prominence the _______ which is a muscle attachment site (behind earlobe)

Back 106

mastoid portion, mastoid process

Front 107

- interior of skull the petrous portion of the temporal bone forms the

Back 107

prominent diagonally oriented petrous ridge (insdie this are small cavities that house the structures of the middle and inner ears)

Front 108

Back 108

temporal bone and its squamous, mastoid, and zygomatic portions

Front 109

This is the large opening on the lateral side of the skull that is associated withthe ear.

Back 109

external acoustic meatus (ear canal)

- temporal bone

Front 110

This opening is located inside the cranial cavity, on the medial side of the petrous ridge. It connects to the middle and inner ear cavities of the temporal bone.

Back 110

internal acoustic meatus

- temporal bone

Front 111

This is the deep, oval-shaped depression located on the external base of the skull, just in front of the external acoustic meatus. The mandible (lower jaw) joins with the skull at this site as part of the temporomandibular joint, which allows for movements of the mandible during opening and closing of the mouth.

Back 111

mandibular fossa

- temporal bone

Front 112

The smooth ridge located immediately anterior to the mandibular fossa. Both the articular tubercle and mandibular fossa contribute to the temporomandibular joint, the joint that provides for movements between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandible.

Back 112

articular tubercle

- temporal bone

Front 113

Posterior to the mandibular fossa on the external base of the skull is an elongated, downward bony projection called the ______. This structure serves as an attachment site for several small muscles and for a ligament that supports the hyoid bone of the neck.

Back 113

styloid process

- temporal bone

Front 114

This small opening is located between the styloid process and mastoid process. This is the point of exit for the cranial nerve that supplies the facial muscles.

Back 114

stylomastoid foramen

- temporal bone

Front 115

The carotid canal is a zig-zag shaped tunnel that provides passage through the base of the skull for one of the major arteries that supplies the brain. Its entrance is located on the outside base of the skull, anteromedial to the styloid process. The canal then runs anteromedially within the bony base of the skull, and then turns upward to its exit in the floor of the middle cranial cavity, above the foramen lacerum.

Back 115

carotid canal

- temporal bone

Front 116

Back 116

the hard palate is formed anteriorly by the palatine processes of the maxilla bones and posteriorly by the horizontal plate of the palatine bones

- inferior view

Front 117

Back 117

- the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone separates the anterior and middle cranial fossae

- petrous ridge (petrous portion of temporal bone) separates the middle and posterior cranial fossae

- superior view

Front 118

single bone that forms the forehead

Back 118

frontal bone

Front 119

anterior midline of frontal bone between the eybrows is

Back 119

glabella (depression)

Front 120

the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead

Back 120

supraorbital foramen

Front 121

the single bone that forms the posterior base of the cranial cavity

Back 121

occipital bone

Front 122

at the posterior midline of the occipital bone is the ____ that serves as an attachment site for a ligament of the posterior neck

Back 122

external occipital protuberance

Front 123

lateral to the external occipital protuberance is the ___ which represenet the most superior point at which muscles of hte neck attach to the skull, with only the scalp coveing the skull above these llines

Back 123

superior nuchal line

Front 124

foramen magnum

Back 124

occipital bone

- allows for passage of the spinal cord as it exits the skull

Front 125

on either side of the foramen magnums is an oval shaped ____ that form joints with the first cervical vertebra and thus support the skull on top of the vertebral column

Back 125

occipital condyle

Front 126

Back 126

posterior view of the skull

Front 127

single, complex bone of the central skull

- serves as a keystone bone bc it joins with almost every other bone of the skull

Back 127

sphenoid bone

Front 128

these form the lip of a prominent ridge that marks the boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae inside the cranial cavity

Back 128

lesser wings of the sphenoid bone

- sphenoid bone

Front 129

located at the midline of the middle cranial fossa

- resembles horse saddles used by turks with high back and tall front

Back 129

sella turcica

- sphenoid bone

Front 130

rounded depression in the floor of the sella turica is the ___ which houses the pituitary (hyophyseal) gland

Back 130

hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa

- sphenoid bone

Front 131

these extend laterally to either side away from the sella tucica, where they form the anterior floor of the middle cranial fossa

- best seen on outside of the lateral skull, forms rectangular area immediately anterior to the squamous portion of the temporal bone

Back 131

the greater wings of the sphenoid bone

Front 132

plates of the sphenoid bone

Back 132

medial pterygoid plate = form the posterior, lateral walls of the nasal cavity

and

lateral pterygoid plate = attachment sites for chewing muscles that fill the infratemproal space and act on the mandible

Front 133

Back 133

sphenoid bone

Front 134

single, midline bone that forms the roof and lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity, te upper portion of the nasal septum, and contributes to the medial wall of the orbit

- on interior of the skull it forms a portion of the floow of the anterior cranial cavity

Back 134

ethmoid bone

Front 135

in nasal cavity, perpendicular plate of this bone forms the upper portion of the nasal septum

Back 135

part of ethmoid bone

Front 136

thmoid bone forms lateral walls of the upper nasal cavity and extending from the lateral walls are the ________ which are thin curved projections that extend into the nasal cavity

Back 136

superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha

Front 137

In the cranial cavity, the ethmoid bone forms a small area at the midline in the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. This region also forms the narrow roof of the underlying nasal cavity.

- this portion consists of 2 parts=

Back 137

cristal galli and the cribriform plates

Front 138

a small upward bony projection located at the midline. It functions as an anterior attachment point for one of the covering layers of the brain.

Back 138

crista galli

Front 139

lateral of the crista galli is ____ small, flattened area with many small openings termed olfactory foramina

Back 139

cribriform plate

Front 140

small nerve branches from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavity pass through __ to enter the brain

Back 140

olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate

Front 141

________ are located between orbit and upper nasal cavity

- forms lateral nasal cavity wall and a protion of the medial orbit wall

- has paranasal sinus system

Back 141

lateral portions of the ethmoid bone

Front 142

Back 142

midline view of the sagittally sectioned skull

Front 143

Back 143

ethmoid bone

Front 144

Back 144

ethmoid bone

Front 145

an immobile joint between adjacent bones of the skull.

- filed with dense, fibrous connective tissue

- twisty lines interlock adjacent bones

Back 145

suture

Front 146

- side to side across the skull

- joins the frontal bone the the right and left parietal bones

Back 146

coronal suture

Front 147

- posteriorly from the coronal suture, running along the midline at the top of the skull in the sagittal plane of section

Back 147

sagittal suture

Front 148

- extend downward and laterally to either side away from its junction with the sagittal suture

- joins the occipital bone to the right and left parietal and temporal bones

Back 148

lambdoid suture

Front 149

- on the lateral skull

- unites squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone

Back 149

squamous suture

Front 150

- small h shaped suture line region that unites the frontal bone, parietal bone, squamous portion of the temporal bone, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone

- weakest part of the skull

- 2 fingers above zygomatic arch and thumb width posterior

Back 150

pterion

Front 151

__% of all injury related deaths in the us are caused by head injuries

- most involve falls

Back 151

30%

Front 152

most common skull fracture

Back 152

linear skull fracture, fracture lines radiate from point of impact

Front 153

comminuted fracture

Back 153

where the bone is broken into several pieces ath the point of impact

Front 154

depresed fracture

Back 154

when the fractured bone is pushed inward

Front 155

contrecoup (counterblow) fracture

Back 155

bone at the point of impact is not broken,, but a fracture occurs on the opposite side of the skull

- fracture of the occipital bone can occur like this, making a basilar fracture that can damage the artery that passes through the carotid canal

Front 156

strong blow to the pterion rgion can

Back 156

fracture bones around the pterion if artery under is damaged bleedin can cause a hematoma (collection of blood) between the brain and the interior of the skull, as blood accumulates it will put pressure on the brain

Front 157

facial bones of the skull form

Back 157

upper and lower jaws, nose, nasal cavity, nasap septum, and the orbit

- 14 bones

- 6 paired bones = maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, and inferior nasal conchae

- 2 unpaired bones = vomer and mandible bones

Front 158

one of a pair that together form the upper jaw, much of the hard palate, the medial floor of the orbit and the lateral base of the nose

Back 158

maxially bone or the mailla

Front 159

the curved, inferior margin of the maxillary bone that forms the upper jaw and contains the upper teath is the

Back 159

alveolar process of the maxilla

Front 160

teeth are anhored into socket called

Back 160

alveolus

Front 161

on anterior maxilla below orbit is the ____, this is the point of exit for a sensory nerve that supplies the nose, upper lip, and anterior cheek

Back 161

infraorbital foramen

- maxillary bone

Front 162

inferior skull, this is from maxillary bone and joins together at the midline ot form the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate

Back 162

palatine process

- maxillary bone

Front 163

the bony plate that forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the oral and nasal cavities

Back 163

the hard palate

- maxillary bone

Front 164

one of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that contribute small areas to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity and the medial wall of each orbit

- largest region is the horizontal plate

- plates join together at the midline to form the posterior quarter of the hard palate

- best seen at the inferior view

Back 164

palatine bone

Front 165

1/1000 births, mostly male

- partial or complete failure of the right and left poritons of the upper lip to fuse together

Back 165

cleft lip

Front 166

cleft palate

Back 166

1/2500 births and more common in females

- failure of the two halves

Front 167

also known as the cheekbone

- lateral wall of orbit

- short temporal process of the zygomatic bone projects posteriorly, where it forms the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch

Back 167

zygomatic bone

Front 168

- short temporal process of the zygomatic bone projects posteriorly, where it forms the

Back 168

anterior portion of the zygomatic arch

Front 169

one of the two small bones that articulate (join) with each other to form the bony base of the nose

- support the cartilage that form the lateral walls of the nose

Back 169

nasal bone

Front 170

small, rectangular bone that forms the anterior, medial wall of the orbit

Back 170

lacrimal bone

Front 171

anterior portion of the lacrimal bone forms a shallow depression called the

Back 171

lacrimal fossa

Front 172

inferiorly from the lacrimal fossa is the

Back 172

nasolacrimal canal

Front 173

lacrimal fluid drains at the

Back 173

medial corner of the eye into the nasolacrimal canal, then to open into the nasal cavity, behind the inferior nasal concha.

- normally drains posteriorly but with an increased flow of tears dut to crying or eye iritation, some drain anteriorly, thus causing a runny nose

Front 174

triangular shaped and forms the posterior inferior part of the nasal septum

- best seen when looking from behind into the posterior openings of the nasal cavity from here it is seen to form the entire height of the nasal septum

Back 174

vomer

Front 175

- only movable bone of the skull

- first r and l but then fuse each side consists of horizontal body and posteriorly, a vertically oriented ramus

Back 175

mandible

Front 176

outside margin of the mandible where the body and ramus come together is

Back 176

angle of the mandible

Front 177

more anterior projection is the flattened ______, which provides attachment for one of the biting muscles

Back 177

coronoid process of the mandible

Front 178

the posterior projection is the ______, which is topped by the oval shaped condyle

Back 178

condylar process of the mandible

Front 179

the condyle of the mandible articulates (joins) with the

Back 179

mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Front 180

temporomandibular joint

Back 180

allows for opening and closing of the mouth

Front 181

broad u shaped curve located between the coronoid ad codylar processes is the

Back 181

mandibular notch

Front 182

landmarks for the mandible include

Back 182

alveolar process of the mandible, mental protuberance, mental foramen, mylohyoid line, mandibular foramen, lingula

Front 183

upper border of the mandibular body and serves to anchor the lower teeth

Back 183

alveolar process of the mandible

Front 184

the forward projection from the inferior margin of the anterior mandible that forms the chin

Back 184

mental protuberance

Front 185

the opening located on each side of the anterior lateral mandible, which is the exit site for a sensory nerve that supplies the chin

Back 185

mental foramen

Front 186

bony ridge extends along the inner aspect of the mandibular body

- the muscle that forms the floor of the oral cavity attaches to the mylohoid lines on both side of the mandible

Back 186

mylohyoid line

Front 187

this opening is located on the medical side of the ramus of the mandible. the opening leads into a tunnel that runs down the length of the mandibular body. the sensory nerve and blood vessels that supply the lower teeth enter the mandibular foramen and then follow this tunnel.

Back 187

mandibular foramen

Front 188

to numb dental work

Back 188

inject into the lateral wall fo the oral cavity at a point prior to where this sensory nerve enters the mandibular foramen

Front 189

small flap of bone located next to mandibular foramen, on the medial side of the ramu

- ligament that anchors the mandible during opening and closing of the mouth extends down from the base of the skull and attaches to this

Back 189

lingula of the mandible

Front 190

Back 190

mandible

Front 191

the walls of each orbit include contributions from

Back 191

7 skull bones

- frontal bone = roof

- zygomatic bone = lateral wall and lateral floor

- maxilla and palantine = medial floor

- thmoid bone and lacrimal bone = medial wall

- sphenoid bone = posterior orbit

Front 192

allows for passage of the optic nerve from the retina to the brain

Back 192

optic canal

Front 193

lateral to the optic canal is a fissue

Back 193

superior orbital fissure

- provides passage for the artery that supplies the eyball, sensory nerbes, and the nerves that supply the muscles involved in the eye movements

Front 194

Back 194

orbit

Front 195

nasal septum

- bone and cartilage

- upper portion of septum is formed by ____

- lower and posterior parts of septum are formed by ______

Back 195

- upper portion of septum is formed by ethmoid bone

- lower and posterior parts of septum are formed by vomer bone

Front 196

a flexible plate that fills in the gap between the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer bones

- extends where it separates the right and left nostrils

- not found in dry skull

Back 196

septal cartilage

Front 197

attached to lateral wall on each side of the nasal cavity are sup, mid, and inf

- bony plates that curve downward

- warm and humidify air before it enters the lungs

- allows mucus to trap dust, pollen, bac and viruses

Back 197

nasal conchae

- sup and mid are formed by ethmoid bone

- inf is independent bone

Front 198

Back 198

saggital nasal septum

Front 199

fossae

Back 199

spaces

Front 200

this is shallowest of 3 crainal fossae

- orbits and frontal lobes of the brain

- bunded by the frontal bone

- lesser wings of sphenoid bone form the prominent ledge that marks the boundary between the anterior and middle cranial fossae

- at midline floor is ethmoid bone with crista galli and on the sides cribriform plates

Back 200

anterior cranial fossa

Front 201

- from lesser wings of sphenoid bone to petrou ridges of temporal bones

- temporal lobes of the brain

- divided at the midline by the sella turcica, part of the sphenoid bone

- has openings for passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves

Back 201

middle cranial fossa

Front 202

- large opening into posterior orbit on anterior wall of middle cranial fossa, lateral to optic canal and under lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

- nerves to eyeball, and sensory nerves to the forehead pass through this oening

Back 202

superior orbital fissure

Front 203

opening at anterior lateral corner of the sells turcica

- passage for optic nerve into the orbit

Back 203

optic canal

- middle cranial fossa

Front 204

openings in the middle crania fossa

Back 204

- optic canal

- superior orbital fissure

- forament rotundum

- foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa

- foramen spinosum

- carotid canal

- foramen lacerum

Front 205

This rounded opening is located in the floor of the middle cranial fossa, just inferior to the superior orbital fissure. It is the exit point for a major sensory nerve that supplies the cheek, nose, and upper teeth.

Back 205

foramen rotundum

Front 206

This large, oval-shaped opening in the floor of the middle cranial fossa provides passage for a major sensory nerve to the lateral head, cheek, chin, and lower teeth.

Back 206

foramen ovale of the middle cranial fossa

Front 207

This small opening, located posterior-lateral to the foramen ovale, is the entry point for an important artery that supplies the covering layers surrounding the brain. The branching pattern of this artery forms readily visible grooves on the internal surface of the skull and these grooves can be traced back to their origin at the foramen spinosum.

Back 207

foramen spinosum

Front 208

this is the zig zag passageway through which a major artery to the brain enters the skull. The entrance to the carotid canal is located on the inferior aspect of the skull, anteromedial to the styloid process. From here, the canal runs anteromedially within the bony base of the skull. Just above the foramen lacerum, the carotid canal opens into the middle cranial cavity, near the posterior-lateral base of the sella turcica.

Back 208

carotid canal

Front 209

irregular opening in the base of the skull inferior to the exit of the carotid canal

- it is filled with cartilage in life

- nothing passes through it

Back 209

foramen lacerum

Front 210

lacerum

Back 210

raged or torn

Front 211

- cerebellum of brain

- bounded anteriorily by the petrous ridges (which hs internal acoustic meatus), occipital bone is floor and posterior wall

- divided at midline by the large framen magnum

Back 211

posterior cranial foss

Front 212

this opening provides passage of the nerve from the hearing and equilibium organs of the inner ear an dnerve that suplies the muscles of the face

Back 212

internal acoustic meatus

- posterior cranial fossa

Front 213

at anterior lateral margin of the foramen magnum is the

- inferior of skull at base of the occipital condyle and provide passage for an important nerve to the tongue

Back 213

hypoglossal canal

- posterior cranial fossa

Front 214

inferior to the internal acoustic meaturs is this where cranial nerves from the brain exit the skull via this opening

- exit point through the base of the skull ofr all the venous return blood leaving the brain

- determined by the venous structures that carry blood inside the skull which form large grooves on the inner walls of the posterior cranial fossa which end at this

Back 214

jugular foramen

- posterior cranial fossa

Front 215

- these are hollow air filled spaces in bone of the skull

- all communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with nasal mucosa

- serve to reduce bone mass and lighten the skull, add resonance to the voice

- produce excess mucus

Back 215

paranasal sinuses

Front 216

located above eyebrows within the frontal bone

- divided or fused in single space

- most anterior of paranasal sinuses

Back 216

frontal sinus

Front 217

larges sinus

- paired and located within the right and left maxiallary bones under the orbits

- sinus infections

- bc their connection to nasal cavity is high on their medial wall they are difficult to drain

Back 217

maxillary sinus

Front 218

single midline sinus located in body of sphenoid bone anterior and inferior to the sella tucica

- most posterior paranasal sinuses

Back 218

sphenoid sinus

Front 219

small spaces seperated by thing bony walls in the ethmoid bone

- on both sides of ethmoid bone between upper nasal cavity and medial orbit behind superior nasal conchae

Back 219

ehtmoid air cell

Front 220

Back 220

paranasal sinuses

Front 221

independent bone that does not contact other bones and is not part of the skull

- u shpaed in upper neck near the inferior mandible

- tips of u face posteriorily

- help by small muscles that move up down or forward back

- movement is coordinated with movements of the tongue, larynx, pharynx during swallowing and speaking

Back 221

hyoid bone

Front 222

The ______ bone is located in the upper neck and does not join with any other bone. It provides attachments for muscles that act on the tongue, larynx, and pharynx.

Back 222

hyoid bone

Front 223

- vertebrae seperated and united by intervertebral discs

- flexible column that supports head, neck, and body and allows movements

- protects spinal cord, which is through openings int he vertebrae

Back 223

vertebral column, spinal column, or spine

Front 224

the vertebral column of an adult

Back 224

- 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx.

- divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae.

- two primary curvatures (thoracic and sacrococcygeal curves)

- two secondary curvatures (cervical and lumbar curves).

Front 225

vertebral column orginally has this many vertbrae

Back 225

33 but reduce to 24

Front 226

vertebral column 5 regions

Front 227

- 7 cerveical vertebrae

- C1 articulates (forms a joint) with occipital condyles of the skull

- C1 artuclates with C2 and so on

Back 227

Cervical C1-C7 vertebrae

Front 228

below cervical vertebrae

Back 228

throacic T1-T12 vertebrae

Front 229

lower back

- below thoracic vertebrae

Back 229

Lumbar L1-L5 vertebrae

Front 230

formed by the fusion of the 5 sacral vertebrae

Back 230

sacrum

- pelvis and vertebrae

Front 231

formed by fusion of 4 small coccygeal vertebrae

Back 231

coccyx or tailbone

Front 232

sacral and coccygeal fusion do not start until age

Back 232

20 -middle age

Front 233

almost all mammals have

Back 233

7 cervical vertebrae regardless of body size

Front 234

curvatures in vertebral column

Back 234

- strength, flexibility, and ability to absorb shock

- primary ( retained from original fetal curvature) and secondary (developed after birth)

Front 235

primary curvatures (retained from original fetal curvature of the spine)

- anteriorily

Back 235

thoracic curve and sacrococcygeal curve (formed by sacrum and coccyx)

Front 236

secondary curvatures (develop after birth, concave posteriorly, opposite in direction to original fetal curvature)

Back 236

cervical curve (hold head) and lumbar curve (stand and walk)

Front 237

a disorder characterized by an excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic region

- humpback

- osteoporosis causes weakening and gradual collapse occurs

Back 237

kyphosis

Front 238

a disorder characterized by an excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region

- swayback

- obesity or late pregnancy

- anterior tilt of pelvis

Back 238

lordosis

Front 239

a disorder characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column

- most common vertebral abnormality among girls

- bend forward and r l side will not be level

Back 239

scoliosis

Front 240

typical vertebra will consist of a

Back 240

body, vertebral arch, and 7 processes

Front 241

The ______ is the anterior portion of each vertebra and is the part that supports the body weight. Because of this, they progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. The ____ of adjacent vertebrae are separated and strongly united by an intervertebral disc.

Back 241

body

Front 242

this forms the posterior portion of each vertebra

- has 4 parts : RL pedicles and RL laminae

Back 242

vertebral arch

Front 243

- these each form on eof the lateral sides of the vertebral arch

- anchored to the posterior side of the vertebral body

Back 243

pedicle

Front 244

each of these forms the part of the posterior roof of the vertebral arch

Back 244

lamina

Front 245

large opening between the vertebral arch and body is the ___ which contains the spinal cord

Back 245

vertebral foramen

Front 246

vertebral foramina of all vertebrae align to form the ____, which serves as the bony protection and passageway for the spinal cord down the back

Back 246

vertebral (spinal) canal

Front 247

notches in the margins of the pedicles of the aligned vertebrae form an ____, the opening where a spinal nerve exits form the vertebral column

Back 247

intervertebral foramen

Front 248

these project laterally and arise from the junction point between the pedicle and lamina

Back 248

transverse process

- vertebral arch process

Front 249

this projects posteriorly at the midline of the back

Back 249

spinous process (vertebral spine)

- vertebral arch process

Front 250

transverse and spinous processes serve as

Back 250

muscle attachment sites

Front 251

______ extends upward and ______ projects downward on each side of a vertebrae

Back 251

superior articular process is upward and inferior articular process is downward on each side of a vertebrae

Front 252

Back 252

parts of vertebrae

Front 253

Back 253

intervertebral disc

Front 254

The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are separated and united by an______, which provides padding and allows for movements between adjacent vertebrae.

Back 254

intervertebral disc

-The disc consists of a fibrous outer layer called the anulus fibrosus and a gel-like center called the nucleus pulposus.

Front 255

The intervertebral foramen is the

Back 255

opening formed between adjacent vertebrae for the exit of a spinal nerve.

Front 256

cervical vertebrae are smaller than lumbar vertebrae due to

Back 256

differences in the proportion of body weight that each supports

Front 257

- small body, carry least weight

- bifid (y shaped) spinous process

- C3-C6 spinous processes are short

- C7 spine is longer (base of neck)

- u shaped transverse processes to allow passage of the spinal nerves, each contain transverse foramen this has artery that supplies the neck

- superior and inferior articular processes are flattened and largely face upward or downward

Back 257

cervical vertebrae

Front 258

1st cervical vertebrae C1 or atlas

Back 258

- supports the skull

- no body or spinous process

- ring shaped and has anterior arch dn posterior arch

- transverse processes are longer and extend more laterally

- superior articular processes face upward and are deeply curved for articulation with the occipital condyles on hte base of the skull

- interior articular processes are flat and face down to join with superior articular processes of the c2 vertebrae

Front 259

2nd cervical vertebra or axis

Back 259

- rotation RL

- distinguished by dens (odontoid process), a bony projection that goes up from vertebral body and joins the inner anterior arch of the atlas by transverse ligament

Front 260

bodies of this are larger than cervical vertebrae

- spinous process is long and downward angle that causes it to overlap the next inferior vertebra

- superior articular process face anteriorily and inferior process faces posteriorly

- have facets ( articulation site where a rib is attached), costal facet, and facet on transverse process for articulation with the tubercle of a rib

Back 260

thoracic vertebrae

Front 261

thoracic vertebrae articulation sites where a rib is attached

Back 261

facet

Front 262

in thoracic vertebrae the 2 facets on the lateral sides of the body each is called a ___, these are for articulation with the head (end) of the rib

Back 262

costal facet

Front 263

Back 263

thoracic vertebra

Front 264

this carries the greatest amount of body weight and have large thick vertebrae

- short transverse processes and short, rounded spinous process that projects posteriorly

- articular processes are long, superior process facing backward and inferior facing forward

Back 264

lumbar vertebrae

Front 265

triangular shaped bone, thick, wide, tapers into inferior, apex

- formed by fusiono f 5 sacral vertebrae, after 20 yrs

Back 265

sacrum

Front 266

anterior surface lines of vertebral fusion can be seen as 4 transverse ridges

- on posterior surface the midline is ____, a bumpy ridge that is the remnant of the fused spinous processes

- the fused transverse processes form the ______

Back 266

- on posterior surface the midline is median sacral crest, a bumpy ridge that is the remnant of the fused spinous processes

- the fused transverse processes form the lateral sacral crest

Front 267

the anterior lip of the superior base of the sacrum

Back 267

sacral promontory

Front 268

lateral to sacral promontory is roughened auricular surface which joins

Back 268

with ilium portion of the hipbone to form immobile sacroiliac joints of hte pelvis

Front 269

inferiorily through the sacrum is a bony tunnel ____, which ends at the sacral hiatus near inferior rip of sacrum

Back 269

sacral canal

Front 270

sacral foramina

Back 270

ant and post surfaces of sacum which have paired openings that connect to the sacral canal

- openings called posterior (dorsal) sacral foramen and anterior (ventral) sacral foramen

- these openings allow for the sacral spinal nerves to exit the sacrum

Front 271

- found on either side of the superior opening of the sacral canal, articulates with the inferior articular porcess from the L5 vertebra

Back 271

superior articular process of the sacrum

Front 272

- derived from the fusion of four very small coccygeal vertebrae

- It articulates with the inferior tip of the sacrum. - It is not weight bearing in the standing position, but may receive some body weight when sitting.

Back 272

The coccyx, or tailbone,

Front 273

______ is formed from the fusion of five sacral vertebrae, whose lines of fusion are indicated by the transverse ridges. The fused spinous processes form the median sacral crest, while the lateral sacral crest arises from the fused transverse processes.

Back 273

The sacrum

Front 274

this is formed by the fusion of the four small coccygeal vertebrae

Back 274

coccyx

Front 275

vertebral column stability due to

Back 275

intervertebral discs and ligaments

Front 276

a fibrocartilaginous pad that fills the gap between adjacent vertebral bodies

- provide padding

- thin in cervical region and thickest in lumbar region

- 25 percent of height between top of pelvis and base of skull

- flexible and can change shape

- 2 parts : anulus fibrosus and nucleus polposus

Back 276

intervertebral disc

Front 277

tough fibrous outer layer of the intervertebral disc

- circle

Back 277

anulus fibrosus

Front 278

softer, gel like material. high water content that resists compression and is important for weight bearing

- older=less water content in this causing the disc to become thinner, decreasing total body height, and reduce flexibility and range of motion of the disc

Back 278

nuceus polposus

Front 279

most common sites for disc herniation (rupture) due to weak anulus fibrosis are

Back 279

L4/L5 or L5/S1 intervertebral discs

- can cause sciatica (pain that radiates from lower back to thigh and into the leg)

Front 280

Weakening of the anulus fibrosus can result in

Back 280

herniation (protrusion) of the nucleus pulposus and compression of a spinal nerve, resulting in pain and/or muscle weakness in the body regions supplied by that nerve.

Front 281

Adjacent vertebrae are united by

Back 281

ligaments that run the length of the vertebral column along both its posterior and anterior aspects

Front 282

- anterior side of the entire vertebral column

- resists excessive backward bending of the spinal cord

- important in the neck

Back 282

anterior longitudinal ligament

Front 283

- posterior side of teh vertebral column

- interconnects the spinous process of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

- forward bending

Back 283

supraspinous ligament

Front 284

in the posterior neck, the supraspinous ligament expands to become

Back 284

nuchal ligmant

Front 285

this is attached ot the cervical spinous proceess and extends upward and posteriorly and attaches to the midline base of teh skull, out to the external occipital protuberance

- supports the skull and prevents its from falling forward

- stronger in 4 legged animals

- limits the anterior bending of the head and neck

Back 285

nuchal ligament

Front 286

anterior to the spinal cord, attached to the posterior sides of the vertebral bodies

- important in anterior bending

Back 286

posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 287

posterior to the spinal cord is _____ which are short paired ligaments that each interconnect that lamina regions of adjacent vertebrae

- elastic fibers

- important in anterior bending

Back 287

ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament)

Front 288

Chiropractors are health professionals who use

Back 288

nonsurgical techniques to help patients with musculoskeletal system problems that involve the bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, or nervous system.

Front 289

thoracic cage (rib cage) forms the

Back 289

thorx (chest) portion of the body, which consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum

- ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae

- this protects the heart and lungs

Front 290

The thoracic cage is formed by the

Back 290

(a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages.

Front 291

The ribs are anchored

Back 291

posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae.

Front 292

The sternum consists of the

Back 292

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Front 293

The ribs are classified as

Back 293

true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11–12).

Front 294

wider superior portion of the sternum

Back 294

manubrium

Front 295

top of manubrium u shaped border called

Back 295

jugular (suprasternal) notch

Front 296

shallow depression on either side at superior lateral margins of the manubrium, this is the site of the sternoclavicular joint

Back 296

clavicular notch

Front 297

first ribs also attach to the

Back 297

manubrium

Front 298

the manubrium and body join together at the

- sternum

- second rib attaches here

Back 298

sternal angle

Front 299

the______ is the highest rib that can be identified by palpation

Back 299

second rib

Front 300

ribs 3-7 attach to the

Back 300

sternal body

Front 301

inferior tip of the sternum is the

Back 301

xiphoid process

- cartiliagous early in life

Front 302

the ribs articulate posteriorly with the

Back 302

T1-T12 thoracic vertebrae

Front 303

ribs articulate anteriorly via their

Back 303

costal cartilages to the sternum

Front 304

posterior end of a rib is

- articulates primarily with the costal facet on the body of the next higher vertebra

Back 304

head of the rib

Front 305

lateral to the head of the rib is the

Back 305

neck of the rib

Front 306

small bump on the posterior rib surface is the

- articulates with the facet located on the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra

Back 306

tubercle of the rib

Front 307

lateral to the tubercle of the rib is the

- the point at which the rib has its greatest degree of curvature

Back 307

angle of the rib

Front 308

these form the most posterior extent of hte thoracic cage

Back 308

the angles of the ribs

Front 309

in anatomical postition the angles of the ribs

Back 309

angles align with medial border of hte scapula

Front 310

for passage of blood vessels and nerve is found in inferior margin of each rib

Back 310

costal groove

Front 311

each rib ends in a

- made of hyaline cartilage

- then attached to sternum

Back 311

costal cartilage

Front 312

rib classifications

Back 312

true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs

Front 313

ribs 1-7 are classified as

Back 313

true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)

- costal region attach directly to the sternum

Front 314

ribs 8-12 are classified as

Back 314

false ribs (vertebrochondral ribs)

- costal cartilages do not attach directly

- ribs 8-10 costal cartilages are attached to the cartilage of the next higher rib

Front 315

ribs 11-12 are classified as

Back 315

floating ribs (vertebral ribs)

- short

- costal cartilages terminate within the musculature of the lateral abdominal wall

Front 316

- 3rd week of embryonic development

- rod like structure

- dorsal along the length of the embryo

Back 316

notochord

Front 317

tissue over the notochord forms the nerual tube which gives rise to the

Back 317

brain and spinal cord

Front 318

enlarged mesoderm tissue on sides of the notochord

- 4th week

Back 318

somite

Front 319

most medial somite part is

- consist of an embryonic tissue called mesenchyme which gives rise to fibrous connectives tissues, cartilages, and bones

Back 319

sclerotome

Front 320

_______ gives rise to fibrous connectives tissues, cartilages, and bones

Back 320

mesenchyme

Front 321

soft spot on infant head

- dense connective tissue

- allow for growth and expansion of the skull

- largest is junction of the frontal and parietal bones

Back 321

fontanelle

Front 322

endochronal ossification

Back 322

cartilage to bone

Front 323

changes that contribute to the growth and enlargement of the face during childhood

Back 323

mastoid process enlarges, two halves of hte mandible and frontal bone fuse together to form single bones, and paranasal sinuses enlarge

Front 324

at time of birth _____ has not yet formed

Back 324

mastoid process

Front 325

Development of the vertebrae begins with the

Back 325

accumulation of mesenchyme cells from each sclerotome around the notochord. These cells differentiate into a hyaline cartilage model for each vertebra, which then grow and eventually ossify into bone through the process of endochondral ossification. As the developing vertebrae grow, the notochord largely disappears. However, small areas of notochord tissue persist between the adjacent vertebrae and this contributes to the formation of each intervertebral disc.

Front 326

The ribs and sternum develop from

Back 326

mesenchyme.

Front 327

The ribs initially develop as

Back 327

part of the cartilage model for each vertebra, but in the thorax region, the rib portion separates from the vertebra by the eighth week. The cartilage model of the rib then ossifies, except for the anterior portion, which remains as the costal cartilage.

Front 328

The sternum initially forms as

Back 328

paired hyaline cartilage models on either side of the anterior midline, beginning during the fifth week of development. The cartilage models of the ribs become attached to the lateral sides of the developing sternum. Eventually, the two halves of the cartilaginous sternum fuse together along the midline and then ossify into bone. The manubrium and body of the sternum are converted into bone first, with the xiphoid process remaining as cartilage until late in life.

Front 329

premature closure (fusion) of a suture line

- due to ossification or failure of brain to properly enlarge

- more common in men

- primary - early fusion of one cranial suture

Back 329

craniosynostosis

Front 330

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

a. shoulder bones

b. thigh bone

c. foot bones

d. vertebral column

Back 330

d. vertebral column

Front 331

8. Which of the following is a function of the axial skeleton?

a. allows for movement of the wrist and hand

b. protects nerves and blood vessels at the elbow

c. supports trunk of body

d. allows for movements of the ankle and foot

Back 331

c. supports trunk of body

Front 332

9. The axial skeleton ________.

a. consists of 126 bones

b. forms the vertical axis of the body

c. includes all bones of the body trunk and limbs

d. includes only the bones of the lower limbs

Back 332

a. consists of 126 bones

Front 333

10. Which of the following is a bone of the brain case?

a. parietal bone

b. zygomatic bone

c. maxillary bone

d. lacrimal bone

Back 333

a. parietal bone

Front 334

the lambdoid suture joins the parietal bone to the

Back 334

occipital bone

Front 335

12. The middle cranial fossa ________.

a. is bounded anteriorly by the petrous ridge

b. is bounded posteriorly by the lesser wing of thesphenoid bone

c. is divided at the midline by a small area of theethmoid bone

d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, andforamen spinosum

Back 335

d. has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, andforamen spinosum

- bounded POSTERIORLY by petrous ridge

- bounded ANTERIORLY by lesser wing of spenoid boneis divided at the midline by a small area of the sphenoid bone

Front 336

13. The paranasal sinuses are ________.

a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla,sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

b. air-filled spaces found within all bones of theskull

c. not connected to the nasal cavity

d. divided at the midline by the nasal septum

Back 336

a. air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla,sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

Front 337

14. Parts of the sphenoid bone include the ________.

a. sella turcica

b. squamous portion

c. glabella

d. zygomatic process

Back 337

a. sella turcica

Front 338

15. The bony openings of the skull include the ________.

a. carotid canal, which is located in the anterior cranial fossa

b. superior orbital fissure, which is located at the superior margin of the anterior orbit

c. mental foramen, which is located just below the orbit

d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

Back 338

d. hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

Front 339

16. The cervical region of the vertebral column consists of ________.

a. seven vertebrae

b. 12 vertebrae

c. five vertebrae

d. a single bone derived from the fusion of five vertebrae

Back 339

a. seven vertebrae

Front 340

17. The primary curvatures of the vertebral column ________.

a. include the lumbar curve

b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature

c. include the cervical curve

d. develop after the time of birth

Back 340

b. are remnants of the original fetal curvature

Front 341

18. A typical vertebra has ________.

a. a vertebral foramen that passes through the body

b. a superior articular process that projects downward to articulate with the superior portion of the next lower vertebra

c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

d. a pair of laterally projecting spinous processes

Back 341

c. lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

Front 342

19. A typical lumbar vertebra has ________.

a. a short, rounded spinous process

b. a bifid spinous process

c. articulation sites for ribs

d. a transverse foramen

Back 342

a. a short, rounded spinous process

Front 343

20. Which is found only in the cervical region of the vertebral column?

a. nuchal ligament

b. ligamentum flavum

c. supraspinous ligament

d. anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 343

a. nuchal ligament

Front 344

21. The sternum ________.

a. consists of only two parts, the manubrium and xiphoid process

b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

c. receives direct attachments from the costal cartilages of all 12 pairs of ribs

d. articulates directly with the thoracic vertebrae

Back 344

b. has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

Front 345

22. The sternal angle is the ________.

a. junction between the body and xiphoid process

b. site for attachment of the clavicle

c. site for attachment of the floating ribs

d. junction between the manubrium and body

Back 345

d. junction between the manubrium and body

Front 346

23. The tubercle of a rib ________.

a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

b. is for articulation with the body of a thoracic vertebra

c. provides for passage of blood vessels and a nerve

d. is the area of greatest rib curvature

Back 346

a. is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

Front 347

24. True ribs are ________.

a. ribs 8–12

b. attached via their costal cartilage to the next higher rib

c. made entirely of bone, and thus do not have a costal cartilage

d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Back 347

d. attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

Front 348

25. Embryonic development of the axial skeleton involves ________.

a. intramembranous ossification, which forms the facial bones.

b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

c. the notochord, which produces the cartilage models for the vertebrae

d. the formation of hyaline cartilage models, which give rise to the flat bones of the skull

Back 348

b. endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

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26. A fontanelle ________.

a. is the cartilage model for a vertebra that later is converted into bone

b. gives rise to the facial bones and vertebrae

c. is the rod-like structure that runs the length of the early embryo

d. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

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d. is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones