Anatomy Chapter 7

Front 1

Skeletal system

Back 1

Composed of bones, cartiliges, ligaments

Front 2

Cartilage

Back 2

Covers joint surfaces of mature bones

Front 3

Ligaments

Back 3

Hold bones together at joints

Front 4

Tendons

Back 4

Attach muscle to bone

Front 5

Functions of Skeleton

Back 5

Support and Protection

Movement

Electrolyte balance

Acid-base balance

Blood formation

Front 6

Support and Protection of skeleton

Back 6

Holds body up, supports muscles

Front 7

Movement of skeleton

Back 7

Limb movement, breathing, action of muscle on bone

Front 8

Electrolyte balance of the skeleton

Back 8

Calcium and phosphate ions stored in bone, released to needs of body

Front 9

Acid-base balance of the skeleton

Back 9

Buffers blood against pH changes

Front 10

Blood formation in the skeleton

Back 10

Red bone marrow is most important in producing blood cells

Front 11

Bone (Osseous tissue)

Back 11

Conncective tissue with hard matrix (inorg and orga)

Front 12

Mineralization or Calfication

Back 12

Hardening process of bone

Front 13

Bone is a dynamic tissue because...

Back 13

Continually remodels itself and interacts with all other organ systems in body

Front 14

General shapes of bones

Back 14

Flat

Long

Short

Irregular

Front 15

Flat bones def and ex

Back 15

Protect soft organs, curved but wide and thin

Ex:Top of skull, ribs

Front 16

Long bones def and ex

Back 16

Longer than wide, rigid levers

Ex:bones of arm, leg

Front 17

Short bones def and ex

Back 17

Equal in length and width, glide across each other

Ex:carpals and tarsals, patella

Front 18

Irregular bones def and ex

Back 18

Elaborate shapes that don't fit in other categories

Ex:vertebrae

Front 19

Compact (dense) bone

Back 19

Outer shell of long bone

Front 20

Diaphysis (shaft)

Back 20

Cylinder of compact bone, provide leverage

Front 21

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

Back 21

Space in diaphysis that contains bone marrow

Front 22

Epiphysis

Back 22

Enlarged ends of long bone, strengthen joint and attach lig and tend

Front 23

Spongy bone (dipole)

Back 23

Covered by more durable compact bone, 1/4 by weight, ends long bones and is middle of all others

Front 24

Articular cartilage

Back 24

Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers joint surface where bones meet, move freely

Front 25

Nutrient foramina

Back 25

Minute holes in bone surface, blood vessels penetrate

Front 26

Periosteum

Back 26

External sheath cover bone besides articular cartilage, strong attachment

Front 27

Endosteum

Back 27

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity

Front 28

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

Back 28

Area of hylaine cartilage that seperates marrow spaces of epiphysis and diaphysis, growth in length

Front 29

Epiphyseal line

Back 29

Adults, bony scar at growth plate

Front 30

Red marrow, yellow marrow, empty space

Back 30

Child, adult, dead

Front 31

Marrow in spongy bone

Back 31

Yellow

Front 32

Head of femur and humerus marrow

Back 32

Red

Front 33

Sandwich construction in flat bone

Back 33

Two layers of compact bone and spongy bone

Front 34

Flat bone Covered with...

Back 34

Periosteum/compact and endosteum/spongy

Front 35

Four types of bone cells

Back 35

Osteogenic cells

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Osteoclasts

Front 36

Osteogenic cells

Back 36

Stem cells that multiply to produce new osteoblasts, more mature through steps

Front 37

Osteoblasts

Back 37

Non miotic bone forming cells that synthesize bone matrix, builder

Front 38

Osteocytes

Back 38

Former blasts that are trapped in matrix, maintenance or regulator

Front 39

Osteoclasts

Back 39

Bone dissolving cells found in bone surface, breaks down

Front 40

Matrix of osseous tissue composed of...

Back 40

Organic and inorganic matter, strong and flexible

Front 41

Osteon

Back 41

Basic structural unit of compact Bone

Front 42

Lamellae

Back 42

Layers of matrix around central canal

Front 43

Lacunae

Back 43

Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

Front 44

Canaliculi

Back 44

Little channels that connect lacunae

Front 45

Spongy bone consists of...

Back 45

Spincules( slivers of bone), trabuculae (thin plates of bone), spaces of bone marrow, few osteons and no central canal, strength with minimal weight

Front 46

Bone marrow

Back 46

Soft tissue that occupies marrow cavity of long bone and small spaces in spongy bone

Front 47

Red marrow

Back 47

Hemopoietic tissue, blood cells, children

Front 48

Yellow marrow

Back 48

Red turns into yellow in adults, doesn't produce blood

Front 49

Ossification or osteogenesis

Back 49

Formation of bone

Front 50

Two methods of bone development in human fetus and infant

Back 50

Intramembranous ossification (few bones, flat)

*Endochondral ossification (most bones in body)

Front 51

Bones grow in two directions

Back 51

Length=limited growth

Width=always growing

Front 52

Epiphyseal plate

Back 52

A region of transition from cartilage to bone, growth zone, hylaine cartilage in middle, transition zone on sides, metaphysics faces marrow cavity

Front 53

Appositional growth

Back 53

Increase in width, occurs throughout life, new bone at surface, matrix in layers, circumferential lamellae over surface

Front 54

Bone remodeling

Back 54

Repairs microfractures, reshaped bones, bones may develop bumps, collaborative action of osteoblasts

Front 55

Mineral Deposition (mineralization)

Back 55

Calcium phosphate and other ions are taken from blood plasma and put into bone tissue

Front 56

Mineral resorption

Back 56

Dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood, preformed by osyeoclasts

Front 57

Calcium

Back 57

Deposited into bones and released when needed, nerve communication and muscle contraction

Front 58

Calcium levels

Back 58

Maintained within a certain range

Front 59

Hypercalcemia

Back 59

Blood concentration too high

Front 60

Hypocalcemia

Back 60

Blood concentration too low

Front 61

Calcium homeostasis regulated by three hormones

Back 61

Calcitriol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Front 62

Calcitriol (vitamin D)

Back 62

Hormone, chemical messenger that travels in blood from one organ to another

Front 63

Calcitriol function

Back 63

Increase blood concentration of calcium

Front 64

Calcitoriol three mechanisms

Back 64

Increase calcium absorbtion by small intestine

Increase resorption or release from bones

Decrease excretion of calcium in urine

Front 65

Parathyroid hormone

Back 65

Secreted by parathyroid, increase blood concentration of calcium

Front 66

PTH four mechanisms

Back 66

Increase calcium resorption from bones

Decreases excretion of calcium in urine

Promotes calcitriol synthesis

Inhibits osteoblasts

Front 67

Calcitonin

Back 67

Hormone secreted by thyroid gland, decrease blood concentrations of calcium

Front 68

Calcitonin two mechanisms

Back 68

Inhibits osteoclasts(less Ca released from bone)

Stimulates osteoblasts (more Ca deposited to bone)