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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skin |
Major organ of the integumentary system |
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Protection Vitamin D Synthesis Blood Reservoir Thermoregulation |
Functions of Skin (4) |
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- Epidermis - Dermis (Papillary Layer, Reticular Layer) -(Not part of the skin) Hypodermis (Adipose tissue) |
Components of Skin Layer (2) |
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Keratinocytes Langerhan (Dendritic) Cells Melanocyte Merkel (Tactile) Cells |
Cells of the Epidermis |
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Keratinocytes |
- Majority of epidermal cells - To produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties - Arise from the deepest stratum basale and from its production, push older cells upward to stratum corneum |
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Langerhans (Dendritic) Cells |
- Similar in function to Macrophages - Protect against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens by ingesting foreign substances - Arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis, stratum basale |
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Melanocytes |
- Found at deepest layer of cells that touch base membrane at stratum basale - Synthesize pigment melanin - Protects nucleus from UV - Partly contribute to skin color (Because everyone has equal number of these cells, but melanin amount is different) |
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Merkel (Tactile) Cells |
- Type of epidermal cell that is a Sensory receptor for touch - Present at the epidermal-dermal junction (between the two like a integral protein) |
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Epidermis |
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, outermost protective shield of the body |
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Stratum corneum (Dead keratinized skin cells) Stratum Lucidum (Present in thick skin) Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane (Not epidermis) Dermis (Not epidermis) Just know bolded two. |
Epidermal Layers (Know 2 out of 5) |
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Stratum Corneum |
- Dead and dying cells - No nuclei or organelles - Filled with keratin |
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Stratum Basale |
- Cuboidal or low columnar in shape - Basically one layer of stem cells - Separated from dermis (papillary layer) by basement membrane - Mitotic division occurs to a greater extent here |
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Papillary Layer Reticular Layer |
Layers of Dermis (2) |
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Papillary Layer |
- Loose connective areolar tissue within dermis skin layer - Under basement membrane of epidermis - Produce ridges called dermal papillae (Ex: fingerprints) |
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Dermal Papillae |
- Ridges within dermis papillary layer that bring in blood supply close to epidermis |
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Reticular Layer |
- Dense Irregular connective tissue within dermis skin layer - Provide strength in many directions (Collagen fibers) |
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Melanin |
- Pigment made by melanocytes (Found in Stratum basale) - The only pigment made in the skin - Brown to black color of skin - Protection against UV light |
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Carotene |
- Pigment found in stratum corneum - Yellowish tint to skin |
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Hemoglobin |
- Pinkish hue of the oxygenated pigment - Oxygenated blood: Red color - Deoxygenated: Bluish color |
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Cyanosis |
When not enough blood and a decrease in blood oxygen (deoxygenated) causes skin to turn blue |
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Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin |
What affects skin color? (3) |
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Pigmentation Disorders |
Vitiligo Albinism Nevi Freckles |
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Vitiligo |
Area where melanocytes are destroyed and white patches of skin develop |
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Albinism |
Deficiency or absence of pigment |
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Nevi |
Mole or proliferation of melanocytes |
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Freckles |
Large amount of melanin in one area |
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- Sebaceous Glands - Sudoriferous Glands (Ceruminous Glands) |
Gland structures of the Dermis (2) |
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Sebaceous Glands |
- Always with hair follicle with papilla - Oil glands (sebum) - Holocrine (Gland becomes part of secretion to be dumped into hair follicle) |
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Sudoriferous Glands |
- Sweat Glands (Water) - Help control body temperature - Eccrine/Merocrine (More numerous. On palms of hands and soles of feet) - Apocrine (Sticky, cloudy, smelly secretions. On armpits, pubic area, around nipples) |
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Ceruminous Glands |
- Type of Apocrine Sweat gland - Dermis gland located in external auditory canal - Sticky waxy substance becomes earwax |
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- Nail matrix: Contains epithelium that become cells of the nail - Nail root: Distal to matrix. Covered by skin - Nail body: Visible portion of the nail |
Structure of the dermis Nails (3) |
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Hair Root Hair Shaft Hair Matrix Hair Papilla Hair Bulb RSMPB |
Structures of the hair (5) |
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Hypodermis |
Loose connective tissue below epithelia (epidermis and dermis) of skin (Composed of Adipose and Areolar) Also called superficial fascia Acts as shock absorber and insulator |
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Inflammation Granulation tissue Regeneration & fibrosis |
Tissue Repair Process (3) |
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Inflammation |
Bleeding, dilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow Brings in plasma with antibodies, clotting factors |
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Granulation tissue |
Building of new blood vessels, and layers of connective tissue. Combination of blood clot, new fibroblasts, and capillaries. |
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Regeneration |
Same type of cells replaced. Restores normal function to tissue. Surface is regenerated |
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Fibrosis |
Damaged tissue replaced with scar tissue, mainly collagen. Normal function not restored |
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Keloid scar Hypertrophic scar |
Scar types (2) |
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Keloid scar |
- excessive production of collagen - tumor like appearance - growth exceeds the boundaries of the wound |
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Hypertrophic scar |
- over production of collagen - raised bump occurs - does not grow beyond boundaries of wound |
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- Basal cell carcinoma - Squamous cell carcinoma - Melanoma |
Cancers of the skin (3) |
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Basal Cell Carcinoma |
- Cancer of cells in stratum basale - Most common - Removal or destruction cures the cancer cells - No metastasis |
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Squamous cell carcinoma |
- Cancer of cells in stratum spinosum - War like growth - Removal or destruction cures the cancer cells early on - Metastasis seldom occurs |
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Melanoma |
- Least common, most deadly - Arise from melanocytes - Black or brown lesions - Treatable when confined to epidermis - Difficult to treat when dermis or metastasis occurs |
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First Degree Burns |
Epidermis damaged (burn) |
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Second degree burns |
Epidermis destroyed Dermis damaged (burn) Also called partial thickness burns |
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Third degree burns |
Epidermis and dermis destroyed Hypodermis damaged (burn) Also called full thickness burns |
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Hair Root |
Chief region of a hair is the lowest part of the hair embedded in the skin, where keratinization is still ongoing. Below skin surface |
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Hair Shaft |
Chief regions of a hair which projects from the skin, extends about halfway down the portion of the hair embedded in the skin, in which keratinization is complete. Above the skin surface |
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Hair Matrix |
Within the hair root, the epithelial cells that are the actively dividing area of the hair bulb that produces the hair. |
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Hair Papilla |
Nipple like bit of dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb, contains a knot of capillaries (blood vessels) that supply nutrients to matrix, growing hair and signal it to grow |
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Hair bulb |
Deep end of the hair follicle that expands to form a _________________. |
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Plexus |
Nerve endings that wrap around the follicle. Response to slight movements of hair. |
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Dermis |
Making up the bulk of the skin, is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of dense connective tissue |
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Arrector pili muscle |
Smooth muscle that contracts to make hair stand on end (goosebumps)
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Nail matrix |
Contains epithelium that become cells of the nail, responsible for nail growth
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Nail root |
Distal to matrix. Part of nail covered by skin.
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Nail body or plate |
Visible portion of the nail, the free edge
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Merocrine (Eccrine) Apocrine |
Two types of Sudoriferous Glands |
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Merocrine Glands |
- More numerous, particularly abundant on palms, soles of the feet, forehead - "Sweat pores" of skin - Prevents body from overheating |
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Apocrine Glands |
- Largely confined to axillary and anogential areas - Larger than merocrine glands, ducts empty in hair follicles - More secretion: when on exterior skin comes to have a musky and unpleasant odor |
