Anatomy Chapter 31: Neurocranium

Front 1

2 parts of the cranium

Back 1

Neurocranium (cranial vault)
Viscerocranium (facial skeleton)

Front 2

Dome-like roof of neurocranium (a.k.a. skullcap)

Back 2

Calvaria

Front 3

Floor of neurocranium (a.k.a. basicranium)

Back 3

Cranial Base

Front 4

8 bones of the neurocranium:

Back 4

frontal

ethmoidal (only a minor contribution, this is mostly a part of the viscerocranium)

sphenoidal

occipital

temporal (x2)

parietal (x2)

Front 5

The 3 bones forming the calvaria, the _______, _______, and _______ are primarily _______ bones.

Back 5

frontal
temporal
parietal
flat

Front 6

2 bones that connect via hyaline cartilage (synchondroses) in childhood

Back 6

sphenoid

occipital

Front 7

Opening in the cranial base where the spinal cord and brain are continuous

Back 7

Foramen Magnum

Front 8

The viscerocranium consists of 15 _______ bones. Name them.

Back 8

Irregular

Mandible
Ethmoid
Vomer
Maxilla (x2)
Inferior nasal concha (x2)
Zygomatic (x2)
Palatine (x2)
Nasal (x2)
Lacrimal (x2)

Front 9

Bones that house the teeth.

Back 9

Maxillae & Mandible

Front 10

Where the mandible articulates with the cranial base.

Back 10

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Front 11

4 Pneumatized bones

Back 11

frontal
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid

Front 12

Smooth, slightly depressed area between superciliary arches

Back 12

Glabella

Front 13

Upper rim of eye socket, just superior to the supraorbital margin, a prominence deep to the eyebrows.

Back 13

Supraciliary arches

Front 14

Intersection of the frontal and nasal bones. Is usually depressed.

Back 14

Nasion

Front 15

"Cheek bones"

Back 15

Zygomatic

Front 16

"bridge of the nose"

Back 16

Nasion

Front 17

Pear-shaped anterior opening in the cranium.

Back 17

Piriform aperture

Front 18

The _______ divides the nasal cavity into right and left spaces. The _______ are curved bony plates on the lateral wall of each cavity.

Back 18

Nasal septum, nasal conchae

Front 19

6 empty spaces of the skull.

Back 19

frontal sinuses, ethmoidal cell, sphenoid sinuses, nasolacromial duct, orbit, maxillary sinuses

Front 20

3 suture boundaries.

Back 20

Sagittal (parietal) --> "the archer"
Coronal (frontoparietal)
Lambdoid (occipitoparietal)

Front 21

Five layers of the scalp

Back 21

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum of calvaria

Hint 21

mnemonic "SCALP"

Front 22

Cranium = Skull - _____________

Back 22

Mandible

Front 23

The scalp has the greatest concentration of hair and ________ glands in the whole body.

Back 23

Sebaceous

Front 24

3 unpaired midline _________ bones make up the base of the neurocranium. Name them.

Back 24

endochondral

1.) ethmoid (anterior)
2.) sphenoid (central)
3.) occipital (posterior)

Front 25

Paired lateral dermal (intramembranous) bones form the ________. Name them.

Back 25

Calvarium

1.) Frontal (anterolateral)
2.) Temporal (lateral)
3.) Parietal (superior/posteriolateral)

Front 26

Bone, name means "the wall"

Back 26

Parietal bone

Front 27

Bone, name means "Time"

Back 27

Temporal ("timekeeper" --> where white hair grows)

Front 28

4 Diploic vein trunks

Back 28

occipital
posterior temporal
anterior temporal
frontal

Front 29

2 synovial joints of the cranium

Back 29

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Alanto-occipital joint

Front 30

Squamous bones form via ____________

Back 30

Intramembranous ossification

Front 31

6 childhood fontanelles (shape and locations)

Back 31

Anterior (diamond)

Posterior (triangular)

Anterolateral (a.k.a. "Sphenoidal") --> located at the pterion.

Posterolateral (a.k.a. "Mastoid")

Front 32

6 Childhood fontanelles

Back 32

anterior, posterior, sphenoidal (x2), mastoid (x2)

Front 33

Bony plates consist of compact inner and outer ______ separated by cancellous ______.

Back 33

tables, diploe

(think corrugated cardboard)

Front 34

Smooth prominence immediately superior to bridge of nose (aka nasion).

Back 34

Glabella

Front 35

Point at which the supraorbital artery and nerve leave the orbit and run onto the forehead.

Back 35

Supraorbital notch (foramen)

Front 36

4 frontal bone landmarks

Back 36

Glabella
Superciliary crest
Supraorbital notch
Supraorbital margin (& ridge)

Front 37

More pronounced in men and monkeys (prevents them from wearing their face off when they chew).

Back 37

Supraorbital margin (& ridge)

Front 38

Lies immediately posterior to the articular tubercle. The two form an articular surface for mandible.

Back 38

Condylar notch

Front 39

Temporal bone landmarks

Back 39

Articular tubercle

Condylar notch

Tympanic plate

External auditory meatus

Mastoid process

Supramastoid crest (continuance of zygomatic arch)

Styloid process

Front 40

The _______, a surgical landmark for the mastoid antrum, is made up of the ______ spine and ______ crest.

Back 40

small suprameatal triangle
suprameatal
supramastoid

Front 41

The Zygomatic Arch becomes the __________ which continues laterally and superiorly to become the _______, which is the point of origin for the ______ muscle.

Back 41

supramastoid crest
temporal line
temporalis

Front 42

The _________ is the long, pointy thing that projects from the base of the cranium inferior to the ____________. It is a remnant of the ___________.

Back 42

styloid process
external auditory meatus
second branchial arch

Front 43

2 Ligaments from the styloid process:

Back 43

stylohyoid
stylomandibular

Front 44

Mastoid process is found _________ to the styloid process.

Back 44

posterolateral

Front 45

2 muscles insert into the posterolateral aspect of the mastoid process.

Back 45

splenius capitis
longissimus capitis

Front 46

Mastoid air cells communicate with the middle ear cavity through the __________.

Back 46

Mastoid antrum

Front 47

This stout part of the skull is not present at birth.

Back 47

Mastoid process

Front 48

Fills the gap between the squamous portion of temporal bone and frontal bone.

Back 48

Greater wing of sphenoid bone.

Front 49

H-shape suture, junction of sphenoid, parietal, frontal, and temporal.

Back 49

Pterion (remember: where "Hermes" had his wings)

Front 50

The pterion is the location of the ___________ in children.

Back 50

Anterolateral fontanelle

Front 51

_________ processes arise from the inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.

Back 51

Pterygoid

Front 52

The ______ and _______ extend along the posterior sagittal plane to the foramen magnum. The _______ attach to the occipital bone along this line.

Back 52

external occipital protuberance (inion)
external occipital crest
ligamentum nuchae

Front 53

The superior nuchal line connects the _____ with the ______ and gives origin to the ______ muscle.

Back 53

inion
mastoid process
trapezius muscle

Front 54

The inferior nuchal line divides the insertions of the ______ muscle from the insertion of the ______ muscle

Back 54

splenius capitis
posterior rectus capitis

Front 55

The highest nuchal line provides origin for the ______ muscle.

Back 55

occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Front 56

The ______ is the point at which the sagittal and coronal sutures meet. It is the location of the ______ in children.

Back 56

Bregma
Anterior fontanelle

Front 57

The ______ is the point at which the sagittal and lamboid sutures meet. It is the location of the _____ in children.

Back 57

Lambda
Posterior fontanelle

Front 58

Sutural bones (a.k.a. ______) (tiny bones that form in sutures) are most common in the ______ suture.

Back 58

lamboid, wormian, or Incan bones
lamboid

Front 59

The ______ portions of the temporal bones consist of two columns of dense bone that abut the anterolateral edges of the basal part of the occipital bone.

Back 59

Petrous

Front 60

The infratemporal fossa is formed by the ______ and ______. It is bound by the _____ and _________ laterally and the _______ posteriorly.

Back 60

Greater wing of sphenoid bone
Squamous portion of temporal bone
Zygomatic arch
Mandible
Mastoid process

Front 61

The infraorbital fissure lies between _______ and _________ and transmits _______.

Back 61

Greater wing of the sphenoid
Maxilla
Infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) & infraorbital vessels

Front 62

The ______, which arise from _______ form the lateral boundaries of the nasal choanae.

Back 62

Pterygoid processes
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone

Front 63

5 Components of pterygoid process

Back 63

Medial plate
Hamulus
Lateral plate
Scaphoid fossa
Pterygopalatine fossa

Front 64

The medial pterygoid plate gives rise to the __________ and terminates in the _______.

Back 64

Superior constrictor of the pharynx
Hamulus

Front 65

The hamulus functions as a trochlea for the tendon of the _______ muscle.

Back 65

Tensor veli palatini

Front 66

The lateral pterygoid plate gives rise to ______.

Back 66

Pterygoid muscles (lateral and medial)

Front 67

Arteries and nerves gain access to the nasal cavity, palate, orbit and face via the __________. The _________ opens into this fossa.

Back 67

Pterygopalatine fossa
Pterygomaxillary fissure

Front 68

Boundaries of the pterygomaxillary fissure.

Back 68

Maxillary tuberosity (anterior)

Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone (posterior)

Infratemporal crest of sphenoid bone (superiorly)

Perpendicular plate of palatine bone (medially)

Front 69

3 foramina that lie along posterior border of sphenoid bone and their locations.

Back 69

Pterygoid (vidian) canal (base of medial pterygoid plate)

Foramen ovale (anteromedial)

Foramen spinosum (posterolateral)

Front 70

The pterygoid (vidian) canal lies at the base of the ______ and caries the ____ nerve (which made up of the ______ nerve and _____ nerve conjoined) to the ________.

Back 70

Medial pterygoid plate
Vidian nerve (a.k.a. nerve of the pterygoid canal)
greater superficial petrosal
deep petrosal
pterygopalatine fossa

Front 71

5 things that pass through the foramen ovale

Back 71

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Accessory meningeal artery

lesser superficial petrosal nerve

recurrent meningeal branch of trigeminal nerve

emissary vein

Front 72

What passes through the foramen spinosum

Back 72

Middle meningeal artery

Front 73

Fracture of skull that passes through foramen spinosum may result in _____ hematoma or ______ hemorrhage due to the severing of ________.

Back 73

epidural
extracranial
middle meningeal artery

Front 74

Three rows (name them) of foramina can be found **here** in the temporal bone.

Back 74

1.) lateral row, 2.) intermediate row, 3.) medial row.

**petrous portion and adjacent edges of the squamous portion.

Front 75

The lateral row of foramina lies along the _____ edge of the ______ portion of the temporal bone. Name the three components.

Back 75

anterior
petrous

1.) middle ear cleft
2.) tympanic plate
3.) mastoid process

Front 76

The tympanic plate forms the vertical _____ wall of the _______.

Back 76

anterior
external auditory meatus

Front 77

The middle ear cleft continues anteriorly as the ________. The bony portion emerges from the _______.

Back 77

tympanic (auditory, eustachian) tube
tympanic plate

Front 78

The mastoid process is groved on its medial side for the _____ muscle and _____ artery.

Back 78

digastric
occipital

Front 79

The intermediate row lies ______ in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Name the three components.

Back 79

central

1.) Petrosquamous (tympanosquamosal) fissure (and its medial portion, the petrotympanic fissure)

2.) Stylomastoid foramen

3.) Styloid process

Front 80

The petrosquamous fissure lies between the ______ and _____ portions of the ______ bone. Its medial portion, the ______ fissure transmits the _______ nerve.

Back 80

petrous
squamous
temporal
petrotympanic
chorda tympani

Front 81

The stylomastoid foramen lies between the _____ and ____ processes. It is the termination of the _____ and transmits the ____ nerve (CN ___)

Back 81

mastoid
styloid
facial canal
facial
VII

Front 82

The shaft of the styloid process gives origin to 3 muscles and 2 ligaments. Name them.

Back 82

Stylohoid muscle
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Styloglossus muscle
Stylomandibular ligament
Stylohoid ligament

Front 83

The medial row lies along the ______ edge of the _____ portion of the temporal bone. Name the 3 components.

Back 83

posterior
petrous

1.) foramen lacerum
2.) carotid canal
3.) jugular foramen

Front 84

The foramen lacerum results from superior and inferior defects in the _______. It separates the _____ bone from the _____ bone. The ______ is the only thing that passes through it.

Back 84

carotid canal
petrous temporal bone
sphenoid bone
greater superficial petrosal nerve

Front 85

The jugular foramen runs _______ into the cranial cavity. Name the 4 things it transmits.

Back 85

posteriorly

internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeus nerve (CN IX)
vagus nerve (CN X)
spinal accesory (CN XI) nerves

Front 86

Name the two parts of the occipital bone.

Back 86

Y-shaped basilar part (basi-occiput)
Squamous part (occipital squama)

Front 87

The Y-shaped basilar part of the occipital bone forms the anterior boundary of the _______. Paired occipital condyles articulate with _______.

Back 87

foramen magnum
atlas

Front 88

The _______, at the _____ end of each occipital condyle transmits an emissary vein.

Back 88

posterior condylar canal
posterolateral

Front 89

The ________ contributes to the posterior boundary of the foramen magnum. The ______, which lies ______ to the mastoid process transmits an emissary vein.

Back 89

occipital squama
mastoid foramen
immediatly posterior