Anatomy Chapter 24

Front 1

system that facilitates gas exchange between the air and blood

Back 1

respiratory system

Front 2

what are all of the parts of the respiratory system?

Back 2

- nose
- nasal cavity
-pharynx
- larynx
-trachea
- small conducting passageways
- gas exchange surfaces of lungs

Front 3

the airways that carry air to and from gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

Back 3

respiratory tract

Front 4

this part of the respiratory tract extends from the nasal cavity to smallest bronchioles of the lungs.
- conducts gases to and from places where exchange occurs

Back 4

conducting part

Front 5

this part of the respiratory tract incldes respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
- where gas exchange actually occurs

Back 5

respiratory part

Front 6

consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
- responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying air before entrance into lower respiratory system
- removing particulate matter

Back 6

upper respiratory system

Front 7

includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Back 7

lower respiratory system

Front 8

what are the 6 functions of the respiratory system

Back 8

1. provide extensive area for gas exchange
2. moving air to and from exchange surfaces of the lungs
3. protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, and other environmental variations
4. defense
5. sound
6. regulate blood volume, pH, pressure

Front 9

this lines conducting portion of respiratory system
- pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
- with numerous goblet cells
-lines respiratory tract except for inferior pharynx and smallest

Back 9

respiratory epithelium

Front 10

in this part of the respiratory system cilia sweep debris downward to pharynx to be swallowed

Back 10

upper

Front 11

in this part of the respiratory system cilia sweep debris upward to pharynx

Back 11

lower

Front 12

these open into nasal cavity at vestibule (nostrils)

Back 12

external nares

Front 13

portion of nasal cavity enclosed by flexible tissues of nose, guarded by coarse hairs

Back 13

vestibule

Front 14

separates right and left portions of nasal cavity
- has bony portions and cartilaginous portion

Back 14

nasal septum

Front 15

inside the nasal cavity-- include the olfactory region

Back 15

superior, middle, and inferior conchae and meatuses

Front 16

separates the nasal and oral cavities

Back 16

hard palate

Front 17

separates nasal and oral cavity when swallowing

Back 17

soft palate

Front 18

posterior border of nasal cavity
- entrance into nasopharynx

Back 18

internal nares

Front 19

extends from interal nares to entrances of esophagus and larynx
- shared passageway for digestive and respiratory systems
- runs behind nose, mouth, and throat
-3 divisions

Back 19

pharynx

Front 20

what are the 3 divisions of the pharynx?

Back 20

- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx

Front 21

first part of the lower respiratory system
- passageway for air that connects pharynx to trachea
- made up of 9 cartilages that protect glottis

Back 21

larynx

Front 22

narrow opening between pharynx and larynx

Back 22

glottis

Front 23

what are the 9 cartilages of the larynx?

Back 23

- 3 unpaired:
...thyroid
...cricoid
...epiglottis

3 paired:
...arytenoid
...corniculate
...cuneiform

Front 24

this unpaired cartilage of the larnyx is commonly called the Adam's Apple
-forms most of anterior and lateral walls of larynx
- meets in midline as laryngeal prominence

Back 24

thyroid cartilage

Front 25

this unpaired cartilage of the larnyx is complete ring
- superior surface articulates with arytenoid cartilage

Back 25

cricoid cartilage

Front 26

this unpaired cartilage of the larnyx is superior to glottis
- during swallowing folds back over glottis to prevent food or liquid from entering airway

Back 26

epiglottis

Front 27

these paired cartilage of the larnyx are involved with opening and closing of glottis

Back 27

arytenoid and corniculate cartilage

Front 28

this laryngeal ligament attach thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage to trachea

Back 28

extrinsic ligament

Front 29

this laryngeal ligament bind nine cartilages together

Back 29

intrinsic ligaments

Front 30

this laryngeal ligament extend between thyroid and aretynoid cartilages
- covered by epithelium to make vestibular folds
- function to prevent foreign objects from entering glottis
- not involved in voice production-- called false vocal cords

Back 30

vestibular ligaments

Front 31

these laryngeal ligaments extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages
- make sound like guitar strings
- covered by epithelium to make vocal folds
- involved in voice production called true vocal cords

Back 31

vocal ligaments

Front 32

this laryngeal musculature regulates tension in vocal folds and open and close glottis

Back 32

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Front 33

these laryngeal musculature elevate or depress larynx
- position and stabilize larynx

Back 33

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Front 34

these muscles work together during swallowing

Back 34

intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Front 35

extends from vertebrae CV6- TV5
-tube connecting larynx to primary bronchi
- about 2.5 cm wide and 11 cm long
-made up of c-shaped cartilaginous rings

Back 35

trachea

Front 36

what are the cartilaginous rings of the trachea connected by?

Back 36

annular ligaments

Front 37

what is the posterior trachea composed of?

Back 37

trachealis muscle

Front 38

this is outside of the lungs

Back 38

primary bronchi

Front 39

this brochus is wider and descends at a steeper angle than other.
- important because foreign objects tend to get lodged on this side.

Back 39

right bronchus

Front 40

where do the bronchi enter the lung?

Back 40

hilus

Front 41

part of the lung that pints superiorly

Back 41

apex

Front 42

part of lung that rests on diaphragm

Back 42

base

Front 43

this lung has 3 lobes- superior, middle, inferior

Back 43

right lung

Front 44

separates superior and middle lobes of right lung

Back 44

horizontal fissure

Front 45

separates superior and inferior lobes of rightand left lung

Back 45

oblique fissure

Front 46

this lung has two lobes
- superior and inferior

Back 46

left lung

Front 47

surface of the lung whose which is anterior portion of lung
- faces rib cage
- follows contour of ribs and costal cartilage

Back 47

costal surface

Front 48

another name for the alveolar septal wall

Back 48

respiratory membrane

Front 49

this surface of the lung contains the hilus which holds the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
- has grooves corresponding to vessels to and from the heart

Back 49

mediastinal surface

Front 50

this is a partition lung

Back 50

trabeculae

Front 51

terminal portions of trabeculae
- divide lung into lobules
- each lobule is supplied by branch of pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and respiratory passageways

Back 51

septa

Front 52

this can be found within the lung

Back 52

pulmonary bronchus/i

Front 53

how many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

left lung?

Back 53

right- 3
left- 2

Front 54

what is the process of segmentation of the lungs starting with primary bronchi branch?

Back 54

primary bronchi--> secondary/ lobar bronchi--> tertiary/ segmental bronchi

Front 55

how many tertiary bronchi does the right lung have?

left lung?

Back 55

right- 10
left- 8, 9

Front 56

each lobe of lung is divided into bronchopulmonary segments associated with what?

Back 56

one tertiary bronchus

Front 57

do bronchi have more or less cartilage as system moves from primary to tertiary?

Back 57

less

Front 58

these bronchioles are the last part of the conducting system
-i mm in diameter
- no gas exchange because walls are too thick
- delivers air to one pulmonary lobule

Back 58

terminal bronchioles

Front 59

this is within lobules
-branches of terminal bronchioles
- lead to gas exchange surfaces of lungs

Back 59

respiratory btonchioles

Front 60

connect respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
- end at alveolar sacs -- common chambers for multiple alveoli

Back 60

alveolar ducts

Front 61

each lung has about 150 million of these
- made up of 2 types of epithelium

Back 61

alveolus/ i

Front 62

this is the most important type of epithelium for alveoli
- can undergo mitosis
- cuboidal/ columnar
- secretes surfactant which reduces surface tension of fluid in alveoli to prevent collapse
- coats foreign materials to be removed by macrophages

Back 62

type II septal cells

Front 63

the less important type of alveolar epithelium
- simple squamos

Back 63

type I respiratory epithelium

Front 64

where does gas exchange occur?

Back 64

between alveoli epithelium and adjacent capillaries

Front 65

where do pulmonary arteries and veins enter?

Back 65

hilus

Front 66

what does each pulmonary loble receive?

Back 66

arteriole and venule

Front 67

this surrounds each lung
- separated by mediastinum
- each lung occupies one cavity lined by this
- the potential space between layers

Back 67

pleural cavity

Front 68

this layer of the pleural membrane covers inner surface of thoracic wall and secretes pleural fluid

Back 68

parietal pleura

Front 69

this layer of pleural membrane covers outer surface of lungs and secretes pleural fluid

Back 69

visceral pleura

Front 70

breathing
- goal is to provide adequate ventilation of alveoli

Back 70

pulmonary ventilation

Front 71

this is the main muscle of respiration
- contraction increases volume of thoracic cavity thus drawing air into lungs during inspriration

Back 71

diaphragm

Front 72

this muscle elevates ribs during inspiration to increase width of thoracic cage

Back 72

external intercostal muscles

Front 73

this muscle depresses ribs and reduces width of thoracic cage to aid with expiration

Back 73

internal intercostal muscles

Front 74

these muscles are involved when depth and frequency of respiration increases

Back 74

accessory muscles

Front 75

what are the accessory respiration muscles involved in inspiration? (4)

Back 75

sternocleidomastoid
serratus anterior
pectoralis minor
scalene

Front 76

what are the accessory muscles involved in expiration? (3)

Back 76

transverse thoracic
abdominal oblique
rectus abdominus

Front 77

this is quiet breathing
- inspiration involves muscular contraction but expiration is passive
2 types: diaphragmatic/ deep
- costal/ shallow

Back 77

eupnea

Front 78

this is type of eupnea where diaphragm contracts

Back 78

diaphragmatic/ deep breathing

Front 79

this is type of eupnea where external intercostals contract

Back 79

costal/ shallow breathing

Front 80

forced breathing
-inspiration and expiration are active
- vigorous exercise

Back 80

hyperpnea