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64 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Scattered Cells - Formed Elements Matrix - Plasma |
Blood is the body's only fluid connective tissue. What does its scattered cells consist of? Its matrix? |
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Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes |
Formed Elements - Red blood cells - White blood cells - Platelets |
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Hematocrit |
- Percentage of Erythrocytes out of the total blood volume - Varies between males > females because there is more blood volume in men. |
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Wright's Stain |
- What stain is used to distinguish white blood cells by DWBCC? (Differential White Blood Cell Count) |
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Veins |
- Blood is drawn from ________, because they are closer to the surface of the skin, their lumens are wider, and they are not pulsing |
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- Plasma 55% - Buffy coat: Leukocytes/Platelets <1% - Erythrocytes 45% |
Blood Transfusion Sample consists of 3 Parts (Give percentages) |
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7.35 - 7.45 38C 8% |
- The pH of blood is slightly basic at this range because it contains many buffers transporting carbon dioxide waste - The temperature of blood is: - It accounts for about __% of body weight, 5-6L for males, 4-5L for females. |
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Distribution Regulation Protection |
3 Functions of Blood |
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Oxygen Metabolic Wastes Hormones |
- 3 Things Blood distributes |
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- Temperature - pH - Fluid Volume |
- 3 Things Blood Regulates |
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- Antibodies - Leukocytes |
Blood helps prevent infection through these 2 things |
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Plasma |
- Contains most of the calcium that we need - 55% of whole blood - Proteins: albumin, globulins, fibrinogen - Fecal Waste: Lactic acid, urea, creatinine - Organic nutrients: Carbohydrates, proteins - Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, magnesium - Respiratory gases: CO2, O2 |
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Albumin Globulins Fibrinogen |
3 Proteins of Blood Plasma |
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Lactic Acid Urea Creatinine |
3 Fecal Waste products of Blood Plasma |
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Carbohydrates Proteins |
2 Organic Nutrients of Blood Plasma |
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Sodium Potassium Magnesium |
3 Electrolytes of Blood Plasma |
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Carbon Dioxide Oxygen |
2 Respiratory gases of Blood Plasma |
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Leukocytes - Have nucleus Erythrocytes lack nuclei or organelles Thrombocytes are cell fragments |
- The only formed elements that are considered complete cells Why? |
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Erythrocytes |
- Biconcave discs, "anucleate", no organelles to help provide huge surface area relative to volume - Filled with more than 97% hemoglobin (Hb) which is a protein with a function of gas transport - mainly oxygen, some CO2 - Generates ATP anaerobically, so it doesn't consume transporting oxygen |
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Quaternary Protein consisting of 4 amino acid chains: 2 alpha globulin and 2 beta globulin, so it can bind to 4 oxygen molecules |
Describe Hemoglobin structure - how many oxygen binding sites does it have? |
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Oxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin |
- The term referring to when hemoglobin is bound to oxygen - The term referring to when hemoglobin is bound to carbon dioxide |
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Hematopoiesis Hemocytoblasts Proerythroblast Erythroblast Normoblaste Reticulocyte Erythrocyte |
7 Steps of Erythropoiesis |
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Erythropoiesis |
- Formation of erythrocytes |
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Hematopoiesis |
- The process of blood cell formation occuring in the red bone marrow |
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Hemocytoblasts |
- Cells that give rise to all the formed elements in the blood - Stem cell for blood cells made in bone marrow |
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Leukocytes |
- Make up 1% of total blood volume - Can leave the capillaries and move through tissue spaces - Consists of granulocytes and agranulocytes |
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Neutrophils (Granulocytes) Lymphocytes (Agranulocytes) Monocytes (Agranulocytes) Eosinophils (Granulocytes) Basophils (Granulocytes) |
Name the different types of Leukocytes in descending order of frequency. Which are the granulocytes? Agranulocytes? |
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Lysosomes (Contains digestive enzymes) |
What are the granules in granulocytes? Agranulocytes contain these cytoplasmic granules but they are not visible. |
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Neutrophils (bigger) Basophils Eosinophils |
- 2 Types have dark blue granules, one of which tend to be bigger in size - Have red granules |
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Neutrophils - Both - Blue Eosinophils - Acidic - Red Basophils - Basic - Dark Blue |
- Granulocytes contain cytoplasmic granules that stain acidic, basic or both with Wright's stain. Describe which stains what and what color it stains. |
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Lymphocytes T Cells B Cells |
- Account for 25% of Leukocytes - 2 Types, what are they called? |
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Red Bone Marrow |
All blood cells form here, but don't necessarily mature there. |
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T Cells |
- Don't mature in red bone marrow, migrate to thymus endocrine gland, then matured by thymosines. - Functions in the immune response |
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B Cells |
- Remain in red bone marrow and mature there - Produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies - in the immune system |
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Monocytes |
- Largest of the leukocytes - Have purple staining, U-shaped or kidney shaped nuclei - Leaves the blood circulation, enters tissue and differentiate into macrophages; important for phagocytosis - Like to develop into other types of Leukocytes |
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Neutrophils |
- Multi-lobed blue granules - Phagocytizes bacteria |
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Eosinophils |
- Bilobed nucleus, red granules - Kills parasitic worms, destroy antigen-antibody complexes, inactive some inflammatory chemicals of allergy |
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Basophils |
- Nucleus lobed; large purplish black cytoplasmic granules - Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant |
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Heparin |
Basophils release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, including an anticoagulant called? |
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Lymphocyte |
- Spherical nucleus with pale blue cytoplasm - Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies |
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Platelets |
- Discoid cytoplasmic fragments containing granules; stain deep purple - Seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting by forming a temporary plug - Fragments of megakaryocytes |
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T-Cells (Lymphocytes) |
Hemocytoblasts matures in red bone marrow into all the formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes), but this type matures elsewhere |
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Hemocytoblast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Platelets |
5 Steps of Thrombocyte Production |
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Thrombocyte Granules |
- Actually vesicles that form chemicals that function in blood vessels |
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Hemostasis |
- Series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding |
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1. Vascular Spasm - Immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Coagulation - Blood clotting 4. Clot retraction and repair |
4 Steps of Hemostasis |
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Coagulation |
- Series of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel - Follows intrinsic and extrinsic pathways |
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- Prothrombin activator is formed - Prothrombin is converted intro thrombin - Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen into a fibrin mesh |
3 Final steps of Coagulation |
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Clot Retraction |
- Stabilization of the clot |
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Repair of Blood Vessel |
- Rebuilding of blood vessel wall - Fibroblasts form a connective tissue patch on the wall - Endothelial cells multiply and restore the endothelial lining of the blood vessel |
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Thrombus |
- Clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel - Does not perform in aorta since the vessel is very large, develops in tinier vessels such as the heart and brain |
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Embolus |
- Thrombus freely floating in the blood stream |
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Coronary Thrombosis |
- Thrombus in blood vessel of the heart |
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Pulmonary Emboli |
- Impairs the ability of the body to obtain oxygen because of an embolus |
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Cerebral emboli |
- A thrombus that can cause strokes |
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Agglutinogens/Antigens |
- Erythrocyte membranes have cell markers that are unique to the individual and recognizes foreign counterparts if transfused into another individual - Presence or absence of these is used to classify blood groups |
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Agglutinin |
- Antibodies present in plasma of blood that causes clumping Ex: anti-A and anti-B |
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- B - A - None - Both A+B |
Names the agglutinins these agglutinogens have A B AB O |
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O AB |
Universal Donor? Universal Acceptor? |
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Rh+ |
- Presence of the Rhesus Factor Rh agglutinogens on erythrocytes is called? |
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Anti-Rh+ Antibodies |
- Not spontaneously formed in Rh- individuals - Begin to form when Rh- individual receives Rh+ blood - Second exposure to Rh+ blood will result in transfusion reaction |
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
- When mother is Rh- and first and second baby is Rh+ - Little tiny clumpings of erythrocytes all over the fetal body occur from maternal antibodies - Liver produces bilirubin, the precursor to hemogloblin, which goes straight to brain and can cause retardation |
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RhoGam Injections |
- Blood plasma given to Rh- women to inhibit Anti-Rh+ antibodies |
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A and O |
- These two blood groups have incompatibilities as well |
