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90 Cards in this Set

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What is the main function of the endocrine system?
Maintain the internal environment of the body.
Maintenance
Does the endocrine system react quickly or slowly?
Slowly however it has widespread effects
Amino acid bases hormones
Include modified amino acids, peptides and proteins and are secreted by exocytosis
Rough ER
Steroid Based hormones
Lipid molecules derived from cholesterol, produced by smooth ER and diffused across the plasma membrane
Smooth ER
Target cell
A cell that a hormone targets
What effects the ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone?
The presence of a receptor molecule to which a hormone can bind *cell is preprogrammed*
Humoral stimuli
Endocrine glands that secrete hormones in direct response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
Neural stimuli
Stimulation of the hormone secretion by the neural pathways of the endocrine system
Negative Feedback Loop
Hormone is secretes if blood concentration declines
Controls ranges
Positive feedback loop
Controls blood count then stimulates effector organs
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
Anterior and posterior
Thyroid stimulation
Metabolic rate control
Adrenocorticotropic
Adrenal cortex (helps body with stress)
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Prolactin
Milk producing glands and manufacturing of milk
Moo
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Prolactin
Milk producing glands and manufacturing of milk
Moo
Melanocytes in body and in CNS
Skin coloration, in CNS appetite suppression
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Prolactin
Milk producing glands and manufacturing of milk
Moo
Melanocytes in body and in CNS
Skin coloration, in CNS appetite suppression
Growth hormone
Entire body growth, increase in proteins
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Prolactin
Milk producing glands and manufacturing of milk
Moo
Melanocytes in body and in CNS
Skin coloration, in CNS appetite suppression
Growth hormone
Entire body growth, increase in proteins
Pituicites
neurotransmitter that contained unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells
Gonadotropins
Maturation of sex cells and induce secretion of sex hormones
Prolactin
Milk producing glands and manufacturing of milk
Moo
Melanocytes in body and in CNS
Skin coloration, in CNS appetite suppression
Growth hormone
Entire body growth, increase in proteins
Pituicites
neurotransmitter that contained unmyelinated axons and neuroglial cells
What produces thyroid stimulating hormone and what does it do
Produced by thyrotropic cells, signals thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Melanocytes stimulating hormone which stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete hormones to deal with stress
Helps with this exam
Direct stimulation by growth hormone
Growth of epiphyseal plates
Direct stimulation by growth hormone
Growth of epiphyseal plates
Indirect stimulation by growth hormone
Signals liver to secrete growth factor 1
Direct stimulation by growth hormone
Growth of epiphyseal plates
Indirect stimulation by growth hormone
Signals liver to secrete growth factor 1
3 cell types in Anterior lobe
Acidophils, basophils, chromaphobes
Acidophils
Somatic and prolactin cells
Chromaphobes in anterior lobe
Immature cells or cells whose hormone supply has been depleted
Chromaphobes in anterior lobe
Immature cells or cells whose hormone supply has been depleted
Pars intermedia
Corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH
Chromaphobes in anterior lobe
Immature cells or cells whose hormone supply has been depleted
Pars intermedia
Corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH
Pars tuberalis
Gonadotropic, thyrotropic, cells that have receptors for melatonin, sexual functions and metabolic rate
Chromaphobes in anterior lobe
Immature cells or cells whose hormone supply has been depleted
Pars intermedia
Corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH
Pars tuberalis
Gonadotropic, thyrotropic, cells that have receptors for melatonin, sexual functions and metabolic rate
What controls the anterior lobe secretions?
Hypothalamus
Chromaphobes in anterior lobe
Immature cells or cells whose hormone supply has been depleted
Pars intermedia
Corticotropic cells that secrete more MSH than ACTH
Pars tuberalis
Gonadotropic, thyrotropic, cells that have receptors for melatonin, sexual functions and metabolic rate
What controls the anterior lobe secretions?
Hypothalamus
How are hormones released in the anterior lobe ?
Made in hypothalamic neurons and are secreted like neurotransmitters from axon terminals
Does the posterior lobe of the pituitary make hormones?
NO. Only stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus.
Does the posterior lobe of the pituitary make hormones?
NO. Only stores and releases hormones produced in hypothalamus.
Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
Axons from the posterior lobe form this
Anti diuretic hormone
Made in neurons of the supra optic nucleus , helps body retain fluid.
Anti diuretic hormone
Made in neurons of the supra optic nucleus , helps body retain fluid.
Vasopressin
Signals peripheral arteries to constrict this raises blood pressure to normal levels
Anti diuretic hormone
Made in neurons of the supra optic nucleus , helps body retain fluid.
Vasopressin
Signals peripheral arteries to constrict this raises blood pressure to normal levels
Oxytocin
Produced in paraventricular nucleus. Induce contractions in childbirth as well as to eject milk, "cuddle/bond" hormone
Anti diuretic hormone
Made in neurons of the supra optic nucleus , helps body retain fluid.
Vasopressin
Signals peripheral arteries to constrict this raises blood pressure to normal levels
Oxytocin
Produced in paraventricular nucleus. Induce contractions in childbirth as well as to eject milk, "cuddle/bond" hormone
Calcitonin
Lowers calcium blood levels by slowing release of calcium from osteoclasts in nine and increasing secretion by kidney
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood concentration of calcium by activating vitamin D which stimulates uptake of calcium by intestines
Adrenal medilla
Cluster of neurons, part of the SYMPATHETIC nervous system. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal cortex hormones
Lipid based steroid hormones
Aldosterone
Minealcorticoid, secreted by zona glomerulosa in response to decline in blood volume or BP by promoting kidney to absorb more sodium into blood which brings in water
Aldosterone
Minealcorticoid, secreted by zona glomerulosa in response to decline in blood volume or BP by promoting kidney to absorb more sodium into blood which brings in water
Glucocorticoids
Secreted by fasciculata and reticularis. Helps body to respond to stress (fasting,trauma)
Aldosterone
Minealcorticoid, secreted by zona glomerulosa in response to decline in blood volume or BP by promoting kidney to absorb more sodium into blood which brings in water
Glucocorticoids
Secreted by fasciculata and reticularis. Helps body to respond to stress (fasting,trauma)
How do glucocorticoids help body in times of stress?
Keep blood glucose levels high to support brain while forcing others to live off of amino acids and fats, redirects lymphocytes to peripheral tissues where pathogens are, depress inflammatory response and inhibit immune system
Adrenal androgens
Converted to testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissue, possibly control stress, does decline with age
Pineal gland
Secreted melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms
Alpha cells in pancreas
Secrete glycogen, signals liver to release glucose from storage to raise sugar levels
Beta cells in pancreas
Secrete insulin, signals cells in body to take up glucose which lowers blood sugar levels
Delta cells in pancreas
Secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polyeptide
Delta cells in pancreas
Secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polyeptide
Somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells, inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin by alpha and beta cells
Delta cells in pancreas
Secrete somatostatin and pancreatic polyeptide
Somatostatin
Secreted by delta cells, inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin by alpha and beta cells
Pancreatic polyeptide
May inhibit exocrine activity of the pancreas
Thymus
Site where white blood cells also called t lymphocytes arise from precursor cells