Anatomy Chapter 12 - Test 3- Set 2

Front 1

commissural fibers

Back 1

connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole.

They run horizontally

Front 2

The largest commissure is

Back 2

the corpus callosum

Front 3

Association fibers

Back 3

connect different parts of the same hemisphere Short association fibers connect adjacent gyro long association fibers are bundled into tracts. They run horizontally

Front 4

Projection fibers

Back 4

those that enter the cerebral hemisphere from the lower brain or cord centers, those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas. They tie the cortex to the rest of the nervous system. They run vertically

Front 5

The basal nuclei or basal ganglia includes

Back 5

The basal nuclei or basal ganglia includes the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus plaids.

Front 6

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

Back 6

The putamen and globes plaids form the lens shaped mass, the lentiform nucleus that flanks the internal capsule laterally.

Front 7

The corpus striatum is made up of

Back 7

Collectively the lentiform and caudate nuclei are called the corpus striatum because the fibers of the internal capsule the course through them give them a striped appearance.

Front 8

The nuclei of the corpus striatum receive input from

Back 8

The nuclei of the corpus striatum receive input from the entire cerebral cortex, as well as from other subcortical nuclei and each other.

Front 9

Disorders of the basal ganglia usually result in

Back 9

Disorders of the basal ganglia usually result in too much or too little movement as exemplified by Huntington's cholerea and Parkinson's disease

Front 10

The diencephalon consists of

Back 10

The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus.

Front 11

The thalmus

Back 11

The thalamus consists of bilateral egg-shaped nuclei which form the the suprolateral walls of the third ventricle.

Affertent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on the thalamus and synapse with at least one of its nuclei.

It is the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

Front 12

Where is the hypothalamus?

Back 12

They hypothalamus caps the brain stem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle

Front 13

mammillary bodies

Back 13

bulge anteriorly from the hypothalamus; are relay stations in the olfactory pathways

Front 14

Between the optic chiasma and the mammillary bodies is the

Back 14

Between the optic chiasma and the mammillary bodies is the infundibulum, a stalk of hypothalamic tissue that connects the pituitary clad to he base of the hypothalamus

Front 15

What does they hypothalamus control? (7 things)

Back 15

The hypothalamus is:

The autonomic control center, the center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of sleep wake cycles, control of endocrine system functioning.

Front 16

Tell me about the epithalamus

Back 16

The epithalamus is the most dorsal portion of the diencephalon and it forms the roof of the third ventricle.

it contains the pineal gland or body which secretes melatonin

Front 17

From superior the brain stem regions are

Back 17

From superior the brain stem regions are midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Front 18

Tell me about the midbrain

Back 18

on the ventral aspect of the midbrain there are two bulging cerebral peduncles that form vertical pillars seeming to hold up the cerebrum

in its center is the hollow cerebral aqueduct which connects the third and fourth ventricles.

contains nuclei that control oculomotor and trochlear cranial nerves, contains corpora quadrigemina, contains substantia nigra

Front 19

Superior colliculi

Back 19

part of the corpora quardrigemia located in the dorsal midbrain surface

are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements

Front 20

inferior colliculi

Back 20

part of the corpora quardrigemia located in the dorsal midbrain surface

are part of the auditory relay from hearing receptors in the ear to to sensory cortex. They act in reflex to sound such as the startle reflex which causes you to turn your head towards an unexpected sound

Front 21

substantia nigra

Back 21

located deep to the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain

Its dark color reflects a high content of melanin pigment, a precursor of the neurotransmitter (dopamine) released by these neurons.

It is functionally linked to the basal nuclei - degeneration of its dopamine releasing neurons cause parkinson's disease

Front 22

Pons

Back 22

chiefly composed of conduction tracts

houses the nuclei for the trigeminal, abducens and facial nerves.

forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle

Front 23

medulla

Back 23

forms the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle with the pons

contains two longitudinal ridges called the pyramids; contains the fiber crossover point called the decoration of the pyramids; contains the inferior cerebellar peduncles, olives

Front 24

inferior cerebellar peduncles

Back 24

fiber tracts that connect the medulla and the cerebellum

Front 25

what do the olives do?

Back 25

the olive nuclei relay sensory information n on the state of stretch of muscles and joints to the cerebellum

Front 26

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla?

Back 26

glossopharyngeal, vagus, portions of the accessory, and fibers of the vestibulochochlear nerves synapse with the cochlear nuclei here

Front 27

The vestibular nuclear complex does what?

Back 27

The vestibular nuclear complex mediate responses that maintain equilibrium

Front 28

What important visceral motor nuclei controls are found in the medulla?

Back 28

cardiovascular center, respiratory center, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing and sneezing

Front 29

the two apple size cerebellar hemispheres are connected medially by the wormlike

Back 29

vermis

Front 30

purkinje cells

Back 30

found in cerebellum, have extensively branched dendrites, are the only cortical neurons that send axons through the white matter to synapse with the central nuclei of the cerebellum

Front 31

limbic system

Back 31

amygdala, hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei

emotional and affective brain

Front 32

amygdala recognizes

Back 32

fearful facial expressions, assesses danger and elicits the fear response

Front 33

what does the cingulate gyrus do?

Back 33

plays a role in expressing our emotions through gestures and in resolving mental conflicts when we are frustrated

it is located in the limbic system

Front 34

reticular formation

Back 34

is made up of the raphe nuclei, medial (large cell) group and the lateral (small cell) group of nuclei

have far-glung axonal connections - keep the cortex alert

Front 35

alpha waves

Back 35

(8-13 Hz) regular and rhythmic, low amplitude synchronous waves. brain is in calm relaxed state of wakefulness

Front 36

beta waves

Back 36

(14-30 Hz) rhythmic - mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus

Front 37

Theta waves

Back 37

(4-7) irregular common in children, abnormal in waking adults

Front 38

Delta waves

Back 38

4 Hz or less - high-amplitutue waves seen during sleep when the reticular activating system is damped, such as during anesthesia. In awake adults they indicate brain damage

Front 39

fainting or syncope causes

Back 39

fainting or syncope is a brief loss of consciousness

most often it indicates inadequate cerebral blood flow due to low blood pressure, as might follow hemorrhage or sudden emotional stress

Front 40

Coma

Back 40

Coma is not deep sleep

Coma is total unresponsiveness - oxygen use is below normal resting levels

Things that induce coma: blows to the head, tumors or infections that invade brain stem, metabolic disturbances such as hypoglycemia, drug over dose or liver or kidney failure.

Cerebral infarctions rarely cause coma

Front 41

narcolepsy

Back 41

People with narcolepsy lapse abruptly into REM sleep from the awake state. Often they are triggered by a pleasurable event such as a good joke.

in most patients with narcolepsy an emotionally intense experience can also trigger cataplexy, a sudden loss of voluntary muscle control

Front 42

patient with lesions in the brocca's area have have what problem

Back 42

patient with lesions in the brocca's area can understand language but have problems speaking and sometimes can not write, type or use sign language

Front 43

patient with lesions in the wernicke's area

Back 43

produce a type of nonsense often called word salad. They also have problems understanding language

Front 44

damage to hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe on both sides causes

Back 44

anterograde amnesia - new sensory input can not be associated with old, and the person lives in the here and now from that point on. You can carry on an animated conversation with a person with anterograde amnesia, excuse yourself, return five minutes later, and that person would not remember you.

Front 45

what five things happen during learning?

Back 45

neuronal RNA content is altered and newly synthesized mRNAs are delivered to axons and dendrites, dendritic spines change shape, unique extracellular proteins are deposited at synapses involved in LTM, number and size of presynaptic terminals increase, more neurotransmitter is released by presynaptic neurons.

Front 46

falx cerebri

Back 46

dura mater fold along the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres; attaches to crista galli of ethmoid bone

Front 47

falx cerebelli

Back 47

dura mater midline fold runs along the vermis of the cerebellum

Front 48

tentorium cerebelli

Back 48

dura mater tent over cerebellum

Front 49

arachnoid villi

Back 49

knoblike projections of the arachnoid matter that protrude superiorly through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus. CSF is absorbed into the venous blood of the sinus by these valve like villi

Front 50

CSF

Back 50

is a watery "broth" similar in composition blood plasma, from which it is formed. However, it contains less protein than plasma and its ion concentrations are different. replaced every 8 hours

For example CSF contains more Na, Cl and H that does blood plasma

The choroid plexuses form CSF