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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Gross anatomy
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Study of visible/macroscopic anatomy
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Cytology
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Study of cells
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Histology
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Study of tissues
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Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
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What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
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Levels of Structural Organization
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Cell
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Smallest unit of living things
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Tissue
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Groups of similar cells that have a common function
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Types of Tissue
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Epithelium (covering/lining)
Muscle (movement) Connective (support/protection) Nervous (rapid internal communication) |
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Organ
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A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
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Necessary Life Functions
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Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness/irritability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
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Metabolism
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All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
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Organ Systems (name)
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Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
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Integumentary System
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Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, sit of cutaneous receptors/sweat and oil glands, synthesizes vitamin D
Contains: Hair, skin, nails |
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Skeletal system
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Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, stores minerals; blood cells form within bones
Contains: bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons |
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, expression, maintains posture, produces heat
Contains: muscles |
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Nervous System
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Fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Contains: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors |
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate body cell processes
Contains: Pineal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes |
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Cardiovascular System
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Transport blood, carry nutrients/wastes/oxygen to the body
Contains: heart, blood vessels |
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Lymphatic System
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses lymphocytes, involved in immunity
Contains: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue |
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Respiratory System
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Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
Contains: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi |
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Contains: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas) |
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water/electrolytes/pH
Contains: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Reproductive System
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Production of offspring.
Male: prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens Female: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes |
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Organismal Survival Needs
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Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
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Homeostasis
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A dynamic state of equilibrium within relatively narrow limits
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Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (name)
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Receptor, control centre, effector
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Receptor
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Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending input to the next component
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Control Centre
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Determines the set point. Analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate course of action.
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Effector
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Provides the means for the control centre's response to the stimulus
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Afferent Pathway
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Leads toward the CNS
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Efferent Pathway
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Leads away from the CNS (output)
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Negative Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
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Mechanism which causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value
Examples: regulation of body temperature, regulation of blood sugar levels |
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Positive Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
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Mechanism that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing it to deviate further from the original value. Also called "cascade."
Example: labour contractions, blood clotting |
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Anatomical Position
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The anatomical reference point for standard body position. The body is erect with the feet only slightly apart, the palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body.
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Superior
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Toward the head; above
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Inferior
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Away from the head end; below
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Anterior/Ventral
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Toward the front of the body; in front of
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Posterior/Dorsal
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Toward the back of the body; behind
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Medial
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Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of th body; on the outer side of
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Intermediate
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Located between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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Proximal
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Closer to the attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Distal
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Further from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
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Superficial/External
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Toward or at the body surface
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Deep/Internal
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Away from the body surface; more internal
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Nasal
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nose
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Oral
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mouth
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Cervical
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neck
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Acromial
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the very top point of the shoulder
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Axillary
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armpit
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Abdominal
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abdomen
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Brachial
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upper arm
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Antecubital
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anterior elbow
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Antebrachial
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forearm
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Pelvic
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pelvis
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Carpal
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wrist
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Pollex
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thumb
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Palmar
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palm
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Digital
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fingers/toes
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Pubic
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genital
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Patellar
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anterior knee
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Crural
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Anterior leg (shin region)
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Pedal
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foot
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Tarsal
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ankle
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Frontal
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forehead
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Orbital
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eye
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Buccal
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cheek
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Mental
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chin
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Sternal
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breastbone
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Thoracic
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chest
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Mammary
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breast
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Umbilical
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navel
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Coxal
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hip
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Inguinal
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groin
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Femoral
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thigh
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Fibular/Peroneal
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side of leg
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Hallux
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big toe
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Cephalic
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head
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Upper Extremity
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arm
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Manus
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hand
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Lower Extremity
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leg
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Otic
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ear
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Occipital
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Back of head and base of skull
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Vertebral
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spinal column
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Scapular
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shoulder blade
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Dorsum/Dorsal
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back
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Olecranal
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posterior elbow
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Lumbar
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lower back, lateral to spine (also called "loin")
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Sacral
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between hips (butt crack and slightly above)
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Gluteal
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buttocks
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Perineal Region
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region between anus and external genitalia (pelvic floor)
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Popliteal
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Posterior knee
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Sural
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calf
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Calcaneal
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heel
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Plantar
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sole of foot
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Axial Components (name)
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head, neck, trunk
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Appendicular Components (name)
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limbs, limb origins, pelvis
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Sagittal Plane
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vertical plane dividing into left and right parts
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Median/Midsagittal Plane
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sagittal plane through midline of body
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Parasagittal Plane
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sagittal plane offset from the midline
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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vertical plane dividing into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse Plane/Horizontal Plane/Cross-Section
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horizontal plane which divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Oblique Section
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cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
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Dorsal Body Cavity
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Protects the organs of the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Contains cranial and vertebral cavities |
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Cranial Cavity
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cavity of the skull
contains: brain |
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Vertebral/Spinal Cavity
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cavity within the vertebral column
contains: spinal cord |
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Ventral Body Cavity
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anterior body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, houses the visceral organs
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Viscera
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internal organs
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Thoracic Cavity
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cavity surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles, contains pleural and pericardial cavities
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Pleural Cavities
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cavities housing the lungs
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Superior Mediastinum
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cavity containing the esophagus and trachea within the thoracic cavity
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Pericardial Cavity/Medial Mediastinum
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central thoracic cavity
contains: heart |
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Diaphragm
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thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage, important in breathing, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
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inferior cavity of the body trunk, containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Abdominal Cavity
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superior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity
contains: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, pancreas, large intestines, small intestines, greater omentum, mesentary |
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Pelvic Cavity
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inferior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, within the bony pelvis
contains: urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum |
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Serous Membrane/Serosa
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double-layered membranes within the ventral body cavity
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Parietal Serosa
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membrane lining the cavity walls
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Visceral Serosa
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membrane covering the organs in the body cavity
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Serous Fluid
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lubricating fluid separating the serious membranes which allows the organs to slide without friction
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Umbilical Region
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centermost abdominopelvic region, surrounding the navel
contains: large & small intestines |
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Epigastric Region
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top-centre abdominopelvic region
contains: stomach, liver, small intestine, pancreas |
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Hypogastric/Pubic Region
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bottom-centre abdominopelvic region
contains: urinary bladder, small intestine, appendix, large intestine |
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Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
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bottom right abdominopelvic region
contains: small intestine, large intestine, appendix |
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Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
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bottom left abdominopelvic region
contains: large & small intestine |
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Right Lumbar Region
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middle right abdominopelvic region
contains: large and small intestines |
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Left Lumbar Region
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middle left abdominopelvic region
contains: large & small intestines |
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Right Hypochondriac Region
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top right abdominopelvic region
contains: liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine |
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Left Hypochondriac Region
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top left abdominopelvic region
contains: large intestine, small intestine, spleen, stomach |
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Abdominopelvic Regions (name)
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epigastric, R/L hypochondriac, umbilical, R/L lumbar, hypogastric/pubic, R/L iliac/inguinal
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants (name)
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R/L upper, R/L lower
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Oral Cavity
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mouth cavity
contains: teeth, tongue |
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Digestive Cavity
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cavity containing the digestive organs, open at the anus
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Nasal Cavity
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cavity within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways
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Orbital Cavities
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cavities in the skull which house the eyes
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Middle Ear Cavities
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cavities in the skull medial to the eardrums
contains: the bones involved in transmitting sound vibrations in the ear |
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Synovial Cavities
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joint cavities enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely mobile joints of the body
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Cephalad/Cranial
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In quadrapeds: toward the head
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Caudal
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in quadrapeds: toward the tail
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Section
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A cut along a plane
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Peritoneum
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serosa lining in the abdominal cavity
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Pleura
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serosa lining in the pleural cavities
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Pericardium
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serosa lining in the pericardial cavity
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Thymus
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irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart
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Heart
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medial oval structure enclosed within the pericardium
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Lungs
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inflatable ovoid structures flanking the heart
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Trachea
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tubelike "windpipe" running medially down the throat
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Bronchi
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two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissue of the lungs
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Esophagus
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the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
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Stomach
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curved organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
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Greater Omentum
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superficial structure of the abdominopelvic cavity, an extension of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal viscera
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Small Intestine
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digestive "tube" connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum
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Large Intestine
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large, muscular tube connected to the small intestine and ending at the anus
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Cecum
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initial portion of the large intestine, connected to the small intestine
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Rectum
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terminal part of the large intestine continuous with the anal canal
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Anus
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opening of the digestive tract through the anal canal to the exterior of the body
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Mesentery
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apronlike serous membrane which suspends many of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity; contains many blood vessels and large fat deposits
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Pancreas
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diffuse gland which rests dorsal to and in the mesentery between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach (posterior to the stomach)
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Spleen
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dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered part of the lymphatic system and called the "RBC graveyard"
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Liver
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large, brown-red, most superior organ in the abdominal cavity located directly beneath the diaphragm
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Kidneys
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bean-shaped retroperitoneal organs
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Adrenal Glands
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large endocrine glands that sit astride the superior margin of each kidney
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Ureter
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tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
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Urinary Bladder
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the sac that serves as a reservoir for urine, located in the pelvic cavity/pubic region
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Inferior Vena Cava
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large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body (runs up between the kidneys)
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Descending Aorta
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largest artery of the body, located deep to the inferior vena cava (runs between the kidneys), which carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body
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Scrotum
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sac covering the testes
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Testes
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oval organ surrounded by the scrotum in which sperm are formed
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Ductus Deferens/Vas Deferens
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slender tube which carries sperm from the testes superiorly into the abdominal cavity and joins with the urethra
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Penis
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male external reproductive organ, extends from the bladder to the ventral body wall
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Uterus
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pear-shaped single-chamber organ which lies against the dorsal body wall, inferior to the bladder; location of embryonic/fetal growth
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Ovary
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small, oval structure at the end of the uterine tube which houses the ova
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Vagina
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region leading to the body exterior, continuous with the uterus
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Vaginal Orifice
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external vaginal opening
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Uterine Tubes
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tubes which attach the superior aspect of the uterus to the ovaries
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