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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell type(s):
Neuroglia of PNS (2 cell types) |
Schwann cells, satellite cells
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Cell type(s):
Neuroglia that produce myelin (2 cell types) |
Oligodendrocytes (CNS), Schwann cells (PNS)
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Cell type(s):
Immune cell of CNS |
Microglia
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Cell type(s):
Forms cerebrospinal fluid |
Ependymal cells
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Cell type(s):
Forms the blood-brain barriers |
Astrocytes
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Cell type(s):
Regulates chemical environment of neurons |
Astrocytes
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Cell type(s):
Generates nerve impulses (action potentials) |
Neurons
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Cell type(s):
Type of neuron found in retina and olfactory cells |
Bipolar neuron
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Cell type(s):
Type of neuron that forms sensory neurons |
Unipolar neuron
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Cell type(s):
Most common type of neuron in CNS |
Multipolar neuron
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Cell type(s):
Has 2 cell processes |
Bipolar neurons
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Cell type(s):
Has many cell processes associated with the cell body |
Multipolar neurons
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Cell type(s):
Cell bodies are in the spinal cord |
Motor (efferent) neurons and interneurons
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Cell type(s):
Cell bodies are in ganglia outside of spinal cord |
Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Contains myelinated fibers
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White matter
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Contains unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
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Gray matter
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Neurons that conduct action potentials faster
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Myelinated neurons
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Gaps in myelin sheath
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Where action potentials begin
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Axon hillock
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Part of neuron that detects initial signal
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Dendrites
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Contains neurotransmitters
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Synaptic end bulb
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Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
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Synapse
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Conducts nerve impulse away from cell body
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Axon
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Excitatory graded potential
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EPSP
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Inhibitory graded potential
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IPSP
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Meninges – name the structure:
Middle, web-like |
Arachnoid mater
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Meninges – name the structure:
Tough outer covering |
Dura mater
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Meninges – name the structure:
Space filled with CSF |
Subarachnoid space
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Meninges – name the structure:
Space filled with adipose tissue |
Epidural space
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Meninges – name the structure:
Innermost covering |
Pia mater
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Spinal cord structure:
Contains neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons |
Gray matter
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Spinal cord structure:
Shallow groove on dorsal side of cord |
Posterior median sulcus
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Spinal cord structure:
Space in the center of the cord that has CSF |
Central canal
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Spinal cord structure:
Sensory branch of spinal nerve entering the cord |
Dorsal root (posterior root)
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Spinal cord structure:
Motor branch of nerve leaving the cord |
Ventral root (anterior root)
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Spinal cord structure:
End point of spinal cord |
Conus medullaris
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Spinal cord structure:
Part of cord that contains motor neuron cell bodies |
Ventral horns
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Spinal cord structure:
Collection of nerves that branch at the end of the spinal cord |
Cauda equina
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Spinal cord structure:
Contains myelinated axons |
White matter
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Spinal cord structure:
Contains sensory neuron cell bodies |
Dorsal root ganglia
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Spinal cord structure:
Bulge in cord between T9-T12 |
Lumbar enlargement
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Spinal cord structure:
Wide deep groove on anterior side of cord |
Anterior median fissure
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Nerves:
Covers nerve |
Epineurium
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Nerves:
Covers fascicles |
Perineurium
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Nerves:
Covers axons (connective tissue) |
Endoneurium
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Nerves:
Covers axons (fatty tissues) |
myelin
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Nerves:
Innervates the diaphragm |
Phrenic nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the thumb and first finger |
Radial nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis |
Musculocutaneous nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles |
Axillary nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the 3rd and 4th fingers |
Ulnar nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the thumb and first 3 fingers |
Median nerve
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Nerves:
Innervates the quadriceps |
Femoral
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Nerves:
Innervates the perineum |
Pudendal
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Nerves:
Innervates the hamstrings |
Sciatic
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Nerves:
Innervates the adductors |
Obturator
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Nerves:
Innervates the calves |
Tibial
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Nerves:
Innervates the tibialis anterior |
Fibular
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Type of reflex:
Salivation |
Autonomic
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Type of reflex:
Pupil dilation |
Autonomic
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Type of reflex:
Patellar reflex |
Somatic
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Type of reflex:
Moving arm from hot stove |
Somatic
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Explain the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex
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1 synapse vs. more than 1
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The receptor that detects stretch in a muscle
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muscle spindle
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Explain what reciprocal innervation is
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the opposite effect in the opposite muscle
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Ependymal cells |
Makes CSF
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Choroid plexes |
Contain ependymal cells that make CSF
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Arachnoid villi |
Reabsorb CSF
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Subarachnoid space |
Contains CSF
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Central canal |
In spinal cord and contains CSF
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CSF – name the function of the following:
Ventricles |
4 ventricles in brain, contain choroid plexes
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Major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem
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Thalamus
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Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of the cerebral cortex
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Thalamus
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Plays a role in maintenance of consciousness
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Thalamus
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Controls many important body activities, most related to homeostasis
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Hypothalamus
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Controls the ANS
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Hypothalamus
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Controls pituitary gland and production of hormones
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates eating and drinking
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Hypothalamus
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Controls body temperature
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates circadian rhythms
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Hypothalamus
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Size of a small pea; secretes melatonin when dark to help with sleep
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Pineal gland
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Part of the brain that is considered part of the endocrine system
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Pineal gland
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Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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Hypothalamus
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Works with limbic system to regulate emotional and behavioural patterns
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Hypothalamus
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Controlled by hypothalamus, part of endocrine system, makes hormones (growth, thyroid stimulating hormones)
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Pituitary gland
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What type of hormones are produced in the pituitary gland?
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Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormones
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Top of the brain stem, contains the substantia nigra
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Midbrain
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Damage to this area causes Parkinson's
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Substantia nigra
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Middle of brainstem, helps control breathing
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Pons
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Primary breathing control centre, also regulates heart rate, force of contraction
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Medulla oblongata
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Sneezing reflex is located here
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Medulla oblongata
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Parts of the brain stem?
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Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
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Parts of diencephalon?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland
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Net of white/gray matter making up much of the brain stem, containing neurons with both sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) functions
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Reticular activating system
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Controls muscle movement
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Basal ganglia
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Connects left and right hemispheres
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Corpus callosum
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Emotional brain / memory
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Limbic system
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Source of "human" raits such as personality, self-control, planning, making decisions
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Frontal lobe
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Contains motor cortex
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Frontal lobe
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Contains Broca's area
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Frontal lobe
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What does Broca's area provide?
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Physical ability to speak
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Contains sensory cortex
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Parietal lobe
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Where is Wernicke's area?
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In parietal and temporal lobes
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What does Wernicke's area provide?
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Ability to understand language
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Receives auditory information, interprets sounds
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Temporal lobe
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Contains visual area, allows interpretation of visual stimuli
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Occipital lobe
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Provides feeling of full stomach or full bladder
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Insula
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How many motor neurons are in a somatic response?
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1 motor neuron
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How many motor neurons are in a sympathetic response?
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2 motor neurons
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How many motor neurons are in a parasympathetic response?
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2 motor neurons
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What neurotransmitters are released in somatic responses?
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Acetylcholine (ACh) only
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What neurotransmitters are released in ANS responses?
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Either acetylcholine (ACh) or norepinephrine
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What is a ganglion?
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A group of cell bodies
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What are the effectors in a somatic response?
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Skeletal muscles
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What are the effectors in an autonomic response?
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Smooth/cardiac muscles or glands
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Has 2 motor neurons |
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Has a short pre-ganglionic neuron |
Sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Releases ACh in the ganglia |
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Has a long pre-ganglionic neuron |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Releases NE from the post-ganglionic neuron |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Has ganglia close to spinal cord |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Has ganglia close to target tissue |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Neurons stem from thoracic and lumbar region |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Involved in the fight or flight response |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Patellar reflex |
somatic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Stimulates digestion |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Dilated pupils |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Can target the adrenal medulla |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Blushing |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Sweaty palms |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Salivation |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Increased blood pressure |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Decreased heart rate |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Secretion of digestive enzymes |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Increased breathing rate |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Bile secretion |
parasympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Goosebumps |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Vasodilation of skeletal muscles |
sympathetic
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State if the following are sympathetic or parasympathetic or both, or somatic.
Decreased gastric motility |
sympathetic
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