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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bones are o______.
They continually remodel: ______ new bone tissue and _______ down old bone tissue |
organs
building breaking |
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Functions of the Skeletal System:
1) Support 2) Protection 3) Movement & Leverage 4) Mineral Storage 5) Blood Cell Formation 5) Fat Storage |
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The skeleton supports soft ______ and provides attachment for the tendons of skeletal muscles.
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tissues
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The skeleton protects important organs from injury.
What are some examples? |
-Cranial bones protect the brain
-Vertebrae (back bone) protect the spinal cord -Rib cage protects the heart and lungs |
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Skeletal muscles are attached to bone; when they ______; they pull on bone to produce ________.
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contract
movement |
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Bone tissue stores several minerals.
What are they? Bone releases minerals into the blood to _________ minerals to the rest of the body. |
calcium and phosphorus
distribute |
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Certain bones contain red bone marrow. What does red bone marrow produce?
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hemopoesis produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
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Bones also have yellow bone marrow.
What does it consist of? |
adipose cells (triglycerides)
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Long bones are longer than they are wide. They are slightly ______.
What type of bone tissue are they mainly composed of? What are some bones? |
curved
mainly compact bone clavicle upper limbs: humerus (arm), ulna, radius (forearms) lower limbs: femur (thigh), tibia and fibula (leg bones) phalanges (fingers and toes bones) |
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Short bones are wider than they are taller.
They tend to have what shape? What type of bone tissue are they mainly composed of? What are some bones? |
cube shaped
mainly spongy bone carpal (wrist), tarsal (ankle) |
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Flat bones are thin and consist of _____ bone layered between two layers of ______ bone.
What are some bones? |
spongy, compact
skull, ribs, sternum, scapulae (shoulder bones) |
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Irregular bones are irregularly shaped.
What are some bones? |
vertebrae
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Sesamoid bone
What are some bones? |
patella
(develops inside tendons) |
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Anatomy of a Bone...
What is the diaphysis? |
the bone's body (length wise)
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What are the epiphyses?
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the proximal and distal ends of the bone
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In a growing bone, what do the metaphyses contain?
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epiphyseal plates
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What are the epiphyseal plates?
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a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the bone to grow in length
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When the bone stops growing, what happens to the cartilage?
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the cartilage turns into bone and results in an epiphyseal line
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Articular cartilage (hyaline) covers what part of the bone?
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the epiphysis where the bone forms a joint with another bone
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The _________ is a connective tissue that covers the bone.
What does it specialize in? |
periosteum
it protects, assists in fracture repair, nourishes, and attaches ligaments & tendons |
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The medullary cavity is a hollow space that contains what?
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fatty yellow bone marrow and blood vessels
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The ________ is a membrane that lines the medullary cavity.
It contains a layer of _____ forming cells. |
endosteum
bone |
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Types of cells in Bone Tissue...
Osteogenic --> Osteoblast --> Osteocyte |
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Osteogenic cells are ____ cells derived from m________.
What makes them unique? They turn in to ________. |
stem
mesenchyme they're the only bone cell to undergo cell division osteoblasts |
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Osteoblasts are _____ building cells.
They form the bone ______. Osteoblasts turn into _______. |
bone
matrix osteocytes |
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Osteocytes are the main cells in bone tissue.
They maintain its daily metabolism. |
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Osteoclasts are huge cells that function in _______.
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resorption - breakdown of extracellular matrix of bone (growth, and repair)
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Compact bone is composed of circumferential l_______.
The shape does what? |
lamellae
it helps bone resist twisting strains |
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Beneath the circumferential lamellae is the o______ or haversian system.
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osteon
(resembles growth rings of a tree) |
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What does the osteon contain?
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blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves located in a central canal
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What are the small space in between the lamellae called?
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lacunae
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What do the lacunae house?
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osteocytes
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Radiating in all directions from the lucanae are tiny _______ channels, which are filled with ________ fluid.
What do they do? |
canaliculi
extracellular they connect all the lacunae with one another and the central canal |
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Spongy bone tissue does not contain ______.
It is always located in the ______ of a bone, protected by compact bone. |
osteons
interior |
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Spongy bone tissue contains what?
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red bone marrow
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What type of ossification replaces cartilage?
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Endochondral ossification
(forms most bones) |
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During the 4th week, _______ cells migrate to areas of the embyro where bone will form.
The mesenchymal cells turn into ________, where they secrete cartilage. |
mesenchymal
chondrocytes |
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The chondrocytes will form a ______ model.
At the 8th week, formation of the bone _______ begins |
cartilage
tissue |
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The chondrocytes begin to enlarge and ___, leaving cytoplasmic fragments. ______ ______ grow in these areas, called primary centers of __________, bringing o________ and calcium.
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die
Blood vessels ossification osteoblasts |
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During the rest of fetal growth, the bone growth spreads lengthwise.
At ___ weeks, the fetal skeleton is formed and ossified with the exception of the _____ regions. |
40
joint |
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What type of ossification requires a membrane?
What does it form? |
Intramembranous ossification
flat bones (especially the skull) |
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The mesenchymal cells that migrate to flat bone area will differentiate into _________. They form a dense _______ where blood vessels will grow and bring _______ and calcium.
Osteoblasts will then form the bone and eventually replace the fibrous membrane. |
fibroblasts
membrane osteoblasts |
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Fontanelles are known as "____ _____"
They're made of f______ membrane. |
"soft spots"
fibrous membrane |
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Bone remodeling is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.
It involves bone r_______ and bone d________. |
bone resorption
bone deposition |
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Bone resorption is the removal of ______ & collagen fibers by o_______.
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minerals
osteoclasts |
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Bone deposition is the _______ of minerals and collagen fibers by osteoblasts.
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addition
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How many vertebrae are there?
Cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar? Sacrum? Coccyx? |
26 total
7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 1 (5 Fused) Sacrum 1 (3-5 Fused) Coccyx |
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Which curves are secondary? Why?
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The cervical curve develops when an infant begins to hold its head up
The lumbar curve develops when a child begins to walk, stand, crawl |
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What forms the intervertebral discs?
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fibrocartilage
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Which vertebrae has the largest vertebral foramina?
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cervical
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What is C1 called?
What is C2 Called? What is C7 called? |
C1 - Atlas (yes)
C2 - Axis (no) C7 - Vertebra prominens (longer spinous process) |
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What do the facets on the atlas correspond with?
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occipital condyles
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What extra process does the axis have?
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dens
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What extra foramina does the cervical vertebrae have?
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transverse foramina
(for vertebral artery to brain) |
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What is unique about cervical vertebrae's spinous process?
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spinous process is bifid (split in 2)
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Thoracic vertebrae have facets for what?
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ribs to attach
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What are the thoracic spinous processes like?
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long and thick
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What are the strongest vertebrae?
What are the largest? |
lumbar
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What are the lumbar spinous processes like?
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short and blunt
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How many ribs are there?
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12
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What are considered the true ribs? Why?
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1-7 because they're attached to the sternum by hyaline cartilage
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