Anatomy Ch. 5

Front 1

Hirsutism

Back 1

the results in females or prepubertal males is______, a condition of execessive body hair.

Front 2

Alopecia

Back 2

the partial or complete lack of hair, may result from genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, or skin disease.

Front 3

Resting Stage

Back 3

the growth of the hair stops and the _____ begins

Front 4

Growth Stage

Back 4

cells of the matrix defferentiate, keratinize, and die.

Front 5

Hair Root Plexus

Back 5

surrounding each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons forming a ______ that is sensitive to touch.

Front 6

Arrector Pili

Back 6

smooth muscle attached to hairs; contraction pulls the hair into a vertical positon, resulting in "goose bumps".

Front 7

Hair Matrix

Back 7

the bulb also contains a germinal layer of cells called the ________.

Front 8

Papilla Of The Hair

Back 8

this structure houses a nipple-shaped indentation, __________, which contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessles that nourish the growing hair follicle.

Front 9

Bulb

Back 9

the base of each hair fillicle is an onion-shaped structure.

Front 10

Dermal Root Sheath

Back 10

the dense dermis surrounding the hair follicle is called ________.

Front 11

Epithelial Root Sheath

Back 11

the combination of the external root sheath and internal root sheath is ______.

Front 12

Hair Follicle

Back 12

surrounding the root of the hair is the _____.

Front 13

Root

Back 13

the _______ is the portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis, and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.

Front 14

Shaft

Back 14

the ______ is the superficial portion of the hair, which projects above the surface of the skin.

Front 15

Hairs

Back 15

are present on most skin surfaces excepts the palms, palmer surfaces of the fingers, the soles, and plantar surfaces of the feet.

Front 16

Accessory Structures of the Skin

Back 16

hair, skin glands, and nails develop from the embryonic epidermis.

Front 17

Albinos

Back 17

most _____ have melanocytes that are unable to synthesize throsinase. Melanin is missing from their hair, eyes, and as a result the hair, and skin are colorless or whitish.

Front 18

Albinism

Back 18

is the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin.

Front 19

Carotene

Back 19

______ is a yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their color.

Front 20

Hemoglobin

Back 20

red color is due to _______, the oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells.

Front 21

Melanosome

Back 21

synthesis occurs in an organelle called a __________.

Front 22

Nevus or Mole

Back 22

a round, flat, or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes and usually develops in childhood or adolescence is called ________.

Front 23

Melanin

Back 23

the amount of ______ causes the skins color to vary from pale yellow to reddish-brown.

Front 24

Dermatoglyphics

Back 24

the study of the pattern of epidermal ridges.

Front 25

Fingerprints (footprints)

Back 25

the epidermal ridge pattern is genetically determined and is unique for each individual.

Front 26

Epidermal Ridges

Back 26

________ develop during the third month of fetal development as downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region.

Front 27

Striae

Back 27

extreme streching in pregnancy and obesity may produce small tears in the dermis, causing _________.

Front 28

Elasticity

Back 28

the ability of tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or extension.

Front 29

Extensibility

Back 29

the ability of muscle tissue to stretch when it is pulled.

Front 30

Free Nerve Endings

Back 30

encapsulated nerve endings that are sensitive to touch, and _________, dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization.

Front 31

Corpuscles of Touch or Meissner Corpuscles

Back 31

some dermal papillae also contains tactile receptors called _________.

Front 32

Capillary Loops

Back 32

these nipple-shaped structures project into the epidermis and some contain _________.

Front 33

Dermal Papillae

Back 33

its surface area is greatly increased by small, finger-like structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis called _______.

Front 34

Dandruff

Back 34

an excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp is called _____.

Front 35

Epidermal Growth

Back 35

the mechanisms that regulate this remarkable growth are not well understood, but hormone-like proteins such as __________ play a role.

Front 36

Keratinization

Back 36

as the cells move frome one epidermal layer to the next, they accumulate more and more keration, a process called ___________.

Front 37

Thick Skin

Back 37

where exposure to friction is greatest, such as in the fingertips, palms, and soles, the epidermis has five layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and a thick stratum corneum.

Front 38

Thin Skinin

Back 38

most regions of the body the epidermis has four strata or layers: stratum basale (germinativum), straum spinosum, stratum granulosome, and a thin stratum corneum.

Front 39

Melanocyte

Back 39

a pigmented cell, located between or beneath cells of the deepest layer of the epidermis, that synthesize melanin.

Front 40

Keratinocytes

Back 40

the most numerous of the epidermal cells; produce keratin.

Front 41

Dermatology

Back 41

the medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of integumentary system disorders.

Front 42

Lamellated (Pacinian) Corpuscles

Back 42

the region (and sometimes the dermis) also contaisn encapsulated endings called _________ that are sensative to pressure.

Front 43

Skin or Cutaneous Membrane

Back 43

which covers the external surface of the body, is the largest organ of the body in both surface area and weight.

Front 44

Integumentary System

Back 44

is made up of organs and tissues such as skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors.

Front 45

Epidermis

Back 45

the superficial, thinner portion, which is composed of epithelial tissue, is the ___________.

Front 46

Dermis

Back 46

the deeper, thicker connective tissue part is the _________.

Front 47

Subcutaneous Layer (SubQ, Hypodermis, Superficial Facia)

Back 47

deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin, this layer consists of areolar and adipose tissue.

Front 48

Epidermis

Back 48

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Tissue is avascular.

Front 49

Keratin

Back 49

an insoluble protein found in the hair, nails, and other keratinized tissues of the epidermis.

Front 50

Melanin

Back 50

a dark black, brown, or yellow pigment found in some parts of the body such as the skin, hair, and pigmented layer of the retina.

Front 51

Tactile Disc

Back 51

detects touch sensations.

Front 52

Stratum Basale

Back 52

the deepest layer of the epidermis is the _______, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes.

Front 53

Stratum Germinativum

Back 53

the stratum basale is also known as ____________.

Front 54

Stratum Spinosum

Back 54

superficial tot the stratum basale is the _________, where 8 to 10 layers of many-sided keratinocytes fit closely together.

Front 55

Stratum Granulosum

Back 55

at about the middle of the epidermis, the ________ consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis.

Front 56

Stratum Lucidum

Back 56

________ is present only in the thick skin of areas such as the fingertips, palms, and soles.

Front 57

Stratum Corneum

Back 57

the _______ commonly consists of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes.

Front 58

Merkel Cell

Back 58

type of cell in the epidermis of hairless skin that makes contact with a ________ (tactile) disc, which functions in touch.

Front 59

Langerhans Cell

Back 59

epidermal dendritic cell that functions as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) during an immune response.

Front 60

Dermis

Back 60

the second, deeper part of the skin, the _________, is composed mainly of connective tissue.

Front 61

Papillary Region

Back 61

the _____ makes up about 1/5 of the thickness of the total layer.

Front 62

Recticular Region

Back 62

which is attached to the subcutaneous layer, consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts, bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers.

Front 63

Stratum Corneum

Back 63

twenty five to thirty rows of dead flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin

Front 64

Stratum Lucidum

Back 64

Present only in skin of fingertips, palms, and soles; consists of three to five rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.

Front 65

Stratum Granulosome

Back 65

three to five rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which organelles are begining to degenerate; cells contain the protein keratohyalin, which converts granules, which release a lipid-rich, water-repellent secretion.

Front 66

Stratum Spinosum

Back 66

eight to ten rows of many-sided keratinocytes and langerhans cells.

Front 67

Stratum Basale

Back 67

deepest layer, composed of single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes that contain scattered tonofilaments (intermediate filaments) stem cells undergo cell division to produce new keratinocytes; melanocytes, langerhans cells and merkel cells associated with tactile discs are scattered amoung the keratinocytes.

Front 68

Warts

Back 68

mass produced by uncontrolled growth of epithelial skin cells, most ________ are noncancerous.

Front 69

Hives

Back 69

reddened elevated patches of skin that are often itchy.

Front 70

Hemangioma

Back 70

commonly called birthmark, its a localized benign tumor of the skin and subcutaneous layer that results from an abnormail increase in blood vessels.

Front 71

Abrasion

Back 71

an area where skin has been scraped away.

Front 72

Pressure Ulcers

Back 72

_______ are caused by a constant deficiency of blood flow to tissues.

Front 73

Malignant Melanomas

Back 73

_______ arise from melanocytes and account for about 2% of all skin cancers.

Front 74

Actinic Keratosis

Back 74

_______ is a precancerous condition that can lea to squamous cell carcinoma in 10-20% of persons who suffer from the crusty lesions that do not heal normally.

Front 75

Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Back 75

_______, which account for about 20% of all skin cancers.

Front 76

Basal Cell Carcinomas

Back 76

_________ account for about 78% of all skin cancer.

Front 77

Skin Cancer

Back 77

Excessive exposure to the skin has caused virtually all of the 1 million cases of _________.

Front 78

Maturation Phase

Back 78

finally, during the ________, the scab sloughs off once the epidermis has been restored to normal thickness.

Front 79

Proliferative Phase

Back 79

the _______ is characterized by extensive growth of epithelial calls beneath the scab, deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns, and continued growth of blood vessels.

Front 80

Migratory Phase

Back 80

in the ________, the clot becomes a scab, and epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound.

Front 81

Inflammatory Phase

Back 81

during the _______, a blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges.

Front 82

Contact Inhibition

Back 82

when epidermal cells encounter one another, they stop migrating due to a cellular response called _______.

Front 83

Nail Matrix

Back 83

the proximal portion of the epithelium deep to the nail root is the ________, where superficial cells divide by mitosis to produce new nail cells.

Front 84

Eponychium or Cuticle

Back 84

__________ is a narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin (lateral border) of the nail wall.

Front 85

Hyponychium

Back 85

beneath the free edge is a thickened region of stratum corneum called the _______, which secures the nail to the fingertip.

Front 86

Lunula

Back 86

the whitish, cresent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body is called the _________.

Front 87

Nail Root

Back 87

the ________ is the portion that is buried in the fold of the skin.

Front 88

Free Edge

Back 88

the _________ is the part that may extend past the distal end of the digit.

Front 89

Nail Body

Back 89

the _________ is the visible portion of the nail.

Front 90

Nails

Back 90

___________ are plates of tightly packes, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits.

Front 91

Cerumen or Earwax

Back 91

the combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands is called __________.

Front 92

Ceruminous Glands

Back 92

modified swear glands in the external ear, called _________, produce a yellowish, waxy secretion.

Front 93

Sensible Perspiration

Back 93

sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and that is seen as moisture on the skin.

Front 94

Insensible Perspiration

Back 94

sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture is _________.

Front 95

Sudoriferous Glands or Sweat Glands

Back 95

the cells of these glands release sweat, or perspiration, onto the skin surface through pores or into hair follicles.

Front 96

Sebum

Back 96

subaceous glands secrete an oily substance called __________.

Front 97

Subaceous Gland or Oil Gland

Back 97

they are connected to hair follicles where the secreting portion of a sebaceous gland lies in the dermis and usually opens into the neck of a hair follicle.

Front 98

Androgenic Alopecia or Male-Pattern Baldness

Back 98

the most common form of baldness