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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
enzymes are carbs, proteins, or lipids
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proteins
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how do enzymes speed up reactions?
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by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction
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two types of metabolic reactions
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anabolic-put together
catabolic-take apart |
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_____ provides the substances needed for growth and repair
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anabolism
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removing a molecule of water to join two smaller molecules
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dehydration snythesis
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e.g. of substances constructed via dehydration snythesis
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polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins
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what forms a fat?
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a glycerol and fatty acids bond
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bond between two amino acids is a
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peptide bond
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two bound amino acids form a
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dipeptide
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many amino acids bound together makes a
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polypeptide
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enzymes usually end in what?
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-ase
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why doesn't the body need a lot of enzymes?
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because they work over n over n over n over until they are denatured
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wherein a molecule of water is inserted into a polymer which is split into two smaller molecules; separation by water
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hydrolysis
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these control the rates of all the metabolic reactions of the cell
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enzymes
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enzymes are called
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catalysts
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enzymes work in (low, high) qualities
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low
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each enzyme is specific acting on only one ________. this is called the ____ & ________ hypothesis
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substrate; lock and key
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reaction occurs when the active sites on the ____ combine with the _____
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enzyme; substrate
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the speed depends on
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the number of enzyme and substrate molecules available
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enzymes can be denatured by:
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heat, pH extremes, chemicals, electricity, radiation, etc
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energy is the
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capacity to do work
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common forms of energy include
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heat, light, sound, electifcal, mechanical, and chemical
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release of chemical energy
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cellular respiration
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when does the release of chemical energy in the cell usually occur
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through the oxidation of glucose
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burning glucose requires
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energy to start the process
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cellular respiration by-products are
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co2, heat, h20
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ATP
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adenine triphosphate; chain of three phosphates
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up to __ molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose oxidized
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38
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where is the energy store in ATP
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the last phosophate bond
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first part of cellular respiration is the splitting of glucose called
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glycolysis
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glycolysis forms two 3-c molecules called
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pyruvates or pyruvic acids
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pyruvic acids are used in the _________ of the cell
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mitochondira
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the break down of glucose
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glycolysis
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the only type of fermentation in humans?
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lactic acid fermentation
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where does fermentation take place
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cytoplasm
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lysis means
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to burst or split
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breaking glygoen into glucose is called_______ and happens in the ___
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glycogenolysis and happens in the liver
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in anaerobic respiration u make ______ATPs but use ___ so the net gain is ___
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4;2;2
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aerobic respiration produces ____ ATPs
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34-36
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the maxiumum ammount of ATPs the body can get from one cell is
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38 ATPs
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_____ is needed for aerobic respiration
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oxygen
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aerobic respiration occurs in the
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mitochonria
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the final products of glucose oxidation are
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carbon dioxide, water, and energy
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everything in the body can be formed into
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glucose
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a sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions is called a
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metabolic pathway
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the rate of a metabolic pathway is determined by a _______ _______ responsible for one of its steps
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regulatory enzyme
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a _________ enzyme is the first step in a series
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rate-limiting
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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a portion of DNA that contains the genetic information for making a single protein
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gene
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sides of DNA are made of alternating
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sugars and phosphates
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what connects the double helix in DNA
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nitrogren bases
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name the pairs of nitrogren bases in DNA
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adenine-thymine
cytosine-guanine |
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method of storing information for protein synthesis is
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the genetic code
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copy and transfer information to the cytoplasm where proteins are manufactured
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RNA molecules
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single stranded
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RNA
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differences between RNA/DNA (at least two)
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dna is double stranded and dna contains thymine which is replaced by uracil in rna
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each ___ ___ corresponds to a triplet of DNA nucleotides
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amino acid
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a triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA is called
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a codon
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does messenger RNA stay in the nucleus?
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no it goes to the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis
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construction of protein through process called
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translation
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triplet of nucleotides in transferRNA is called
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an anticodon
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_____ RNA brings amino acids to the _______ RNA and puts them in sequence through a process called _______ to produce _____
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tranfer brings to messenger through translation to make proteins
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name of the enzyme that unzips DNA to replicate
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DNA polymerace
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name of the enzyme that unzips DNA to make RNA
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RNA polymerace
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the taxi cab in DNA/RNA
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transfer RNA
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there are _ different amino acids
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20
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there are __ different anticodons
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64
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glycolysis happens during which kind of respiration
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anaerobic (and therefore also aerobic)
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one transfer RNA has to stay at site of translation so that
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the chain doesnt float away
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the ___ contains enzymes needed to join the amino acids together
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ribosome
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each DNA molecule consists of one _ strand and one _ strand
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parental strand and one newlysnythesized strand
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the liver takes of the -NH2 (amine group) and it becomes waste (urea)
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diamination
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diamination happens before making
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pyruvates
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production of glucose from non-carbs
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glyconeogenesis
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break down of fats
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lipolysis
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breakdown of fatty acids
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beta oxidation
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these smell fruity
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ketones
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what kind of people go throu beta oxidation a lot
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anorexics and diabetics
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the proteins that control the reactions of metabolism are
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enzymes
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the metabolic process that synthesizes materials needed for cellular growth is called
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anabolism
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the metabolic process that breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones is called
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catabolism
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the process by which two molecules are joined together to form a more complex molecule is called
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dehydration synthesis
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glycerol and fatty acids become bonded to form water and
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fat molecules
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amino acid molecules are joinued by a peptide bond to form water and
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a protein
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the process by which water is added to a complex molecule to break it down
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hydrolysis
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c12h12o11 + h20 = c6h12o6 + c6h12o6
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hydrolysis
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enzymes are composed of
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proteins
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a substance that decreases the amount of energy necessary to being a chemical reaction is an
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enzyme
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an enzyme acts only on a particular substance called a
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substrate
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an enzyme's ability to recognize the substance upon which it iwll act seems to be based on
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structural formula
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the speed of an enzyme-controlled reaction depends upon the number of _______ and ________ present and the _______ of that enzyme
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enzyme and substrate molecules present and the concentration of the enzyme
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a substance needed to convert an inactive form of an enzyme to an active form is called
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a coenzyme
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the form of energy utilized by most cellular processes is
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chemical
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the process by which energy is released in the cell is called
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oxidation
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what element is needed for aerobic respiration
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oxygen
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name the storage place for the energy released by cellular respiration
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ATP
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carbohydrate must be converted to a(n) _________ to be available as an energy source
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simple sugar
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fat contain (more,less) energy per gram compared to carbohydrates
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less
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if proteins are to be used as an energy source, they undergo a process in the liver called
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deamination
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what element in repmoved in the process of deamination
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nitrogen
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the rate at which a metabolic pathway functions is determined by a(n) ______ ________ that is present in limited quality
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regulatory enzyme
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the function of RNA is to
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control the bonding of amino acids
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an-
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without
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ana-
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up
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cata-
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down
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de-
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undoing
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mut-
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change
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zym-
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ferment
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