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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cell
Basic structural and functional unit of life
Irreducible Complexity
The cell is a complex structure that carries on metabolic activity and the parts of the cell cannot perform the function of the cell individually
What gives the cell directions of what to do?
Nucleus
Plasma Membrane
• Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
• Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
Fluid Mosaic Model
Bipolar phosolipid membrane
Bipolar
Two heads
What part of the outer membrane is hydrophilic?
Intracellular and extracellular part of the membrane
What part of the outer membrane is hydrophobic?
Center part of the proteins
Integral Proteins
Allows for passageways for certain things to pass through the cell membrane itself
What does the bilayer of the Fluid Mosaic Model consist of?
1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Glycolipids
What are glycolipids?
Lipids with bound carbohydrates
What are phospholipids?
Lipids with phosphates with bipolar regions (hydrophobic & hydrophilic)
How many types of junctions are around the membrane?
3
Impermeable junction that encircles the cell
Tight junction
Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
Desmosome
A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
Gap Junction
What type of junction is found in the heart?
Gap Junction
Simple diffusion
Nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
Where of diffusion happen?
• Directly through the lipid bilayer
• Through channel proteins
Does diffusion go from…
Lower – higher concentration
Or
Higher – lower concentration
Higher – lower concentration
Facilitated diffusion
Requires a carrier to transport through the membrane or can go through the protein channel
Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Osmolarity
Total concentration of solute particles in a solution
Tonicity
How a solution affects cell volume
When does osmosis occur?
Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
Filtration
The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
What pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area?
Pressure gradient
Isotonic
Solutions with the same solute concentrations that of the cytosol
Hypertonic
Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypotonic
Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
In osmosis does the water go from…
Hypertonic – hypotonic
Or
Hypotonic – hypertonic
Hypotonic – hypertonic
Active Transport
• Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
• Requires carrier proteins
Symport System
Two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction
Antiport System
Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions
Primary Active Transport
Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change
Secondary active transport
Use of an exchange pump indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes
Vesicular Transpoprt
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
Exocytosis
Moves substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space
Endocytosis
Enable large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
Transcytosis
Moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
Vesicular trafficking
Moving substances from one area in the cell to another
Phagocytosis
Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior
Cytoplasm
Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
*mainly water
cytosol
largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
Cytoplasmic organelles
Metabolic machinery of the cell
Inclusions
Chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus are all examples of what membranous organelles?
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes are an example of what nonmembranous organelle?
Cytoplasmic organelles
Mitochondria
• Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae
• Provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
• Contain their own DNA and RNA
Ribosomes
• Granules containing protein and rRNA
• Site of protein synthesis
• Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins
What type of ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes?
Membrane-bound ribosomes
Does smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
• Continuous with the nublear membrane
What are the 2 types of ER?
1. Rough ER
2. Smooth ER
Rough ER
• External surface studded with ribosomes
• Manufactures all secreted proteins
• Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane protein and phospholipids for cell membranes
Smooth ER
• Tubules arranged in a looping network
• Catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body
What organs is Smooth ER found in?
• Liver
• Testes
• Intestinal cells
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
Golgi Apparatus
• Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
• Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins
Lysosomes
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
Where are secretory lysosomes found?
• White blood cells
• Immune cells
• melanocytes
The nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane are all part of what system?
Endomembrane System
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful and toxic substances
Free radicals
Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electtons (ie…O2-)
Cytoskeleton
The “skeleton” of the cell
What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments
3. microfilaments
Microtubules
• Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin
• Determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
Microfilaments
Dynamic strands of the protein actin
• Moves things in and out of the cell
Intermediate filaments
Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength
Centrioles
Responsible for mitosis in a cell
Cilia
• Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
• Moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces
Nucleus
Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
Nucleus
Gene-containing control center of the cell
Nucleus
Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
Nucleus
Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized
Nuclear Envelope
Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
Nuclear Envelope
Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes
Nuclear Envelope
Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope
Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
Nucleoli
Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
Nucleoli
Site of ribosome production
Mitosis
Cell divides and makes two identical daughter cells
Mitosis Phases
1. Interphase
a. Growth (G1)
b. Synthesis (S)
c. Growth (G2)
2. Mitotic Phase
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
e. Cytokinesis
Interphase
1. G1 (gap 1)– metabolic activity and vigorous growth
2. G0 – cells that permanently cease dividing
3. S (synthetic) – DNA replication
4. G2 (gap 2) – preparation for division
Cytokinesis
• Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring
• Pinched into 2 parts after mitosis ends
Early Prophase
• Nuclear material, chromosomes, & chromatids, forming
• Centrioles becoming activated forming mitotic spindles
Late Prophase
The nuclear material are pulled to opposite spindles and the nuclear envelope is disappearing
Metaphase
Known for the presence of the metaphase plate down the equator of the cell.
Anaphase
Chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase/Cytokinesis
Nuclei is forming, nuclear envelope is forming, chromosomes are on opposite sides of the cell, cleavage furrow forms resulting in the cytoplasm dividing into 2 separate cells