Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell
|
Basic structural and functional unit of life
|
|
Irreducible Complexity
|
The cell is a complex structure that carries on metabolic activity and the parts of the cell cannot perform the function of the cell individually
|
|
What gives the cell directions of what to do?
|
Nucleus
|
|
Plasma Membrane
|
• Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
• Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity |
|
Fluid Mosaic Model
|
Bipolar phosolipid membrane
|
|
Bipolar
|
Two heads
|
|
What part of the outer membrane is hydrophilic?
|
Intracellular and extracellular part of the membrane
|
|
What part of the outer membrane is hydrophobic?
|
Center part of the proteins
|
|
Integral Proteins
|
Allows for passageways for certain things to pass through the cell membrane itself
|
|
What does the bilayer of the Fluid Mosaic Model consist of?
|
1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol 3. Glycolipids |
|
What are glycolipids?
|
Lipids with bound carbohydrates
|
|
What are phospholipids?
|
Lipids with phosphates with bipolar regions (hydrophobic & hydrophilic)
|
|
How many types of junctions are around the membrane?
|
3
|
|
Impermeable junction that encircles the cell
|
Tight junction
|
|
Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
|
Desmosome
|
|
A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
|
Gap Junction
|
|
What type of junction is found in the heart?
|
Gap Junction
|
|
Simple diffusion
|
Nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
|
|
Where of diffusion happen?
|
• Directly through the lipid bilayer
• Through channel proteins |
|
Does diffusion go from…
Lower – higher concentration Or Higher – lower concentration |
Higher – lower concentration
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
Requires a carrier to transport through the membrane or can go through the protein channel
|
|
Osmosis
|
Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
|
|
Osmolarity
|
Total concentration of solute particles in a solution
|
|
Tonicity
|
How a solution affects cell volume
|
|
When does osmosis occur?
|
Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
|
|
Filtration
|
The passage of water and solutes through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure
|
|
What pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area?
|
Pressure gradient
|
|
Isotonic
|
Solutions with the same solute concentrations that of the cytosol
|
|
Hypertonic
|
Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
|
|
Hypotonic
|
Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
|
|
In osmosis does the water go from…
Hypertonic – hypotonic Or Hypotonic – hypertonic |
Hypotonic – hypertonic
|
|
Active Transport
|
• Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane
• Requires carrier proteins |
|
Symport System
|
Two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction
|
|
Antiport System
|
Two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions
|
|
Primary Active Transport
|
Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change
|
|
Secondary active transport
|
Use of an exchange pump indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes
|
|
Vesicular Transpoprt
|
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
|
|
Exocytosis
|
Moves substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space
|
|
Endocytosis
|
Enable large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell
|
|
Transcytosis
|
Moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell
|
|
Vesicular trafficking
|
Moving substances from one area in the cell to another
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior
|
|
Cytoplasm
|
Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
*mainly water |
|
cytosol
|
largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
|
|
Cytoplasmic organelles
|
Metabolic machinery of the cell
|
|
Inclusions
|
Chemical substances such as glycosomes, glycogen granules, and pigment
|
|
Mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus are all examples of what membranous organelles?
|
Cytoplasmic Organelles
|
|
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes are an example of what nonmembranous organelle?
|
Cytoplasmic organelles
|
|
Mitochondria
|
• Double membrane structure with shelflike cristae
• Provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration • Contain their own DNA and RNA |
|
Ribosomes
|
• Granules containing protein and rRNA
• Site of protein synthesis • Free ribosomes synthesize soluble proteins |
|
What type of ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes?
|
Membrane-bound ribosomes
|
|
Does smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes?
|
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
|
• Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
• Continuous with the nublear membrane |
|
What are the 2 types of ER?
|
1. Rough ER
2. Smooth ER |
|
Rough ER
|
• External surface studded with ribosomes
• Manufactures all secreted proteins • Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane protein and phospholipids for cell membranes |
|
Smooth ER
|
• Tubules arranged in a looping network
• Catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body |
|
What organs is Smooth ER found in?
|
• Liver
• Testes • Intestinal cells • Skeletal muscle • Cardiac muscle |
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
• Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
• Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins |
|
Lysosomes
|
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
|
|
Where are secretory lysosomes found?
|
• White blood cells
• Immune cells • melanocytes |
|
The nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane are all part of what system?
|
Endomembrane System
|
|
Peroxisomes
|
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful and toxic substances
|
|
Free radicals
|
Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electtons (ie…O2-)
|
|
Cytoskeleton
|
The “skeleton” of the cell
|
|
What does the cytoskeleton consist of?
|
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments 3. microfilaments |
|
Microtubules
|
• Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin
• Determines the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles |
|
Microfilaments
|
Dynamic strands of the protein actin
• Moves things in and out of the cell |
|
Intermediate filaments
|
Tough, insoluble protein fibers with high tensile strength
|
|
Centrioles
|
Responsible for mitosis in a cell
|
|
Cilia
|
• Whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells
• Moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces |
|
Nucleus
|
Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets
|
|
Nucleus
|
Gene-containing control center of the cell
|
|
Nucleus
|
Contains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
|
|
Nucleus
|
Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded with ribosomes
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus
|
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
|
|
Nucleoli
|
Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus
|
|
Nucleoli
|
Site of ribosome production
|
|
Mitosis
|
Cell divides and makes two identical daughter cells
|
|
Mitosis Phases
|
1. Interphase
a. Growth (G1) b. Synthesis (S) c. Growth (G2) 2. Mitotic Phase a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Cytokinesis |
|
Interphase
|
1. G1 (gap 1)– metabolic activity and vigorous growth
2. G0 – cells that permanently cease dividing 3. S (synthetic) – DNA replication 4. G2 (gap 2) – preparation for division |
|
Cytokinesis
|
• Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring
• Pinched into 2 parts after mitosis ends |
|
Early Prophase
|
• Nuclear material, chromosomes, & chromatids, forming
• Centrioles becoming activated forming mitotic spindles |
|
Late Prophase
|
The nuclear material are pulled to opposite spindles and the nuclear envelope is disappearing
|
|
Metaphase
|
Known for the presence of the metaphase plate down the equator of the cell.
|
|
Anaphase
|
Chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
|
|
Telophase/Cytokinesis
|
Nuclei is forming, nuclear envelope is forming, chromosomes are on opposite sides of the cell, cleavage furrow forms resulting in the cytoplasm dividing into 2 separate cells
|