Anatomy Ch 3 &4

Front 1

4 types tissues

Back 1

epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural

Front 2

epithelial tissue

Back 2

covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passageway

Front 3

epithelial characteristics

Back 3

1) cellularity - composed of tightly bound cells
2) polarity - uneven distribution
3) attachment - basal surface bound to basement membrane
4) avascularity - no blood vessels
5) arrangement - sheets or layers
6) regeneration - damaged cells replaced

Front 4

epithelial functions

Back 4

1) provide physical protection
2) controls permeability
3) provides senstations
4) produce specialized secretions

Front 5

neuroepithelium

Back 5

specialized sensory epithelium found in special sense organs that provide the senstations of smell, taste, sight, and equilibrium

Front 6

gland cells

Back 6

epithelia that produce secretions

Front 7

Epithelial physical integrity

Back 7

1) Intercellular Connections - bind adjacent epithelial cells together
2) attachment to basal lamina - kees epithelium firmly attached to the basement membrane
3) maintenance and renewal

Front 8

Epithelial classifications

Back 8

1) cellular arrangement - how many layers
2) cellular shape

Front 9

simple cellular arrangement

Back 9

single layer of cells

Front 10

stratified cellular arrangement

Back 10

several layers of cells

Front 11

squamous cell shape

Back 11

thin, flat, irregular

Front 12

cuboidal cell shape

Back 12

hexagonal box shape with a centered nucleus

Front 13

columnar cell shape

Back 13

hexagonal shape, but taller and wider

Front 14

transitional cell shape

Back 14

irregular or atypical in shape

Front 15

simple squamous epithelium

Back 15

locations: mesothelia line ventral body cavities; endothelia line hare and blood vessels; kidney tubules, cornea, lung alveoli

functions: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion

Front 16

mesothelium

Back 16

lines ventral body cavities

Front 17

stratified squamous epithelium

Back 17

locations: surface of skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

functions: physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chem attack

Front 18

keratinized

Back 18

epithelial tissue whose apical layers of epithelial cells are packed with protein keratin, makes them strong and water resistant = skin

Front 19

nonkeratinized

Back 19

no keratin, will provide resistance to abrasion but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist = oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina

Front 20

simple columnar epithelium

Back 20

locations: stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys

functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Front 21

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 21

locations: lining of some ducts (rare)

functions: protection, secretion, absorption

Front 22

stratified columnar epithelium

Back 22

locations: small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts, and urethra

function: protection

Front 23

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Back 23

locations: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; male reproductive tract

functions: protection, secretion

Front 24

transitional epithelium

Back 24

locations: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching

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glandular epithelium

Back 25

many epithelia contain glands that produce secretions

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exocrine secretions

Back 26

discharge onto surface of an epithelial tissue via ducts

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serous glands

Back 27

exocrine secretions of watery solution that usually contains enzymes

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mucous glands

Back 28

exocrine secretions of glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form a slippery mucus

Front 29

mixed exocrine glands

Back 29

contain more than one type of gland cell and can produce both serous and mucous secretions

Front 30

endocrine secretions

Back 30

ductless glands that release hormone secretions into surrounding extracellular fluid via exocytosis; hormones diffuse into blood for distribution to other regions of body where they coordinate activities of various systems

Front 31

unicellular glands

Back 31

individual secretory cells that secrete mucins
1) mucous cells - found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in trachea
2) goblet cells - found in simple columnar epithelium of intestines

Front 32

multicellular glands

Back 32

glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that work together to produce secretions

Front 33

3 methods to release secretions

Back 33

1) merocrine
2) apocrine
3) holocrine

Front 34

merocrine

Back 34

monst common mode of secretion; secretory product is released through exocytosis (ejection by fusion of vesicle and membrane)

Front 35

apocrine

Back 35

involves loss of cytoplasm along with secretory product

Front 36

holocrine

Back 36

destroys gland cell; entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and bursts apart; secretion released and cell dies

Front 37

connective tissue

Back 37

tissue located below basement membrane, never exposed to outside of body

Front 38

3 connective tissue components

Back 38

1) specialized cells
2) extracellular protein fibers
3) fluid ground substance

Front 39

connective tissue matrix

Back 39

fibers and ground substance, connective tissue mostly matrix where epithelial is mostly cells

Front 40

connective tissue fuctions

Back 40

1) establish structural framework for body
2) transport fluids and dissolved materials
3) provide protection for delicate organs
4) support, surround and interconnect other tissue types
5) store energy reserves
6) protect body from invasion by microorganisms

Front 41

3 connective tissue classifications

Back 41

1) connective tissue proper
2)fluid connective tissues
3) supporting connective tissues

Front 42

fixed cells

Back 42

fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes

Front 43

wandering cells

Back 43

free marcophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 44

fibroblasts

Back 44

produce connective tissue fibers

Front 45

collagen fibers

Back 45

most common and strongest; tensile strength
- tendons consist of almost only collagen fibers and connect skeletal muscles to bones
- ligaments resemble tendons but connect a bone to another

Front 46

reticular fibers

Back 46

thin fibers that form branching networks; create stroma in spleen and liver to stabilize their parenchyma (distinctive functional cells) by resisting forces from many directions

Front 47

elastic fibers

Back 47

stretch up to 150% their resting length, then recoil to original dimensions

Front 48

mesenchyme

Back 48

first connective tissue to appear in developing embryo; gives rise to all other connective tissues

Front 49

loose connective tissue proper

Back 49

fibers create loose, open framework; areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

Front 50

dense connective tissue proper

Back 50

fibers densely packed; dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

Front 51

areolar tissue

Back 51

locations: within and deep to skin dermis, covered by epithelial lining of digestive, repiratory, and urinary tract; between muscles; around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints

functions: cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; dense against pathogens

Front 52

adipose tissue (fat)

Back 52

locations: deep to skin, especially at sides, butt, and breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys

functions: provides padding and cushions shock; insulates; stores energy

Front 53

reticular tissue

Back 53

locations: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

functions: provides supporting framework

Front 54

dense regular connective tissue

Back 54

locations: between skeletal muscles and skeleton; between bones or stabilizing postitions of interal organs; covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae

functions: provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones

Front 55

elastic tissue

Back 55

locations: between vertebrae of spinal column; ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls

functions: stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs

Front 56

dense irregular connective tissue

Back 56

locations: capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheats; dermis

functions: provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs

Front 57

fluid connective tissues

Back 57

blood and lymph are connective tissues that contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix

Front 58

blood

Back 58

contains blood cells and fragments of cells collectively know as formed elements:
1) red blood cells
2) white blood cells
3) platelets

Front 59

lymph

Back 59

forms as interstitial fluid and then enters lymphatic vessels, small passageways that return it to the cardiovasucar system

Front 60

extracellular fluid

Back 60

includes lymph, plasma, and interstitial fluid

Front 61

interstitial fluid

Back 61

fluid that bathes the body's cells

Front 62

supporting connective tissue

Back 62

cartilage and bone; provide strong framework that supports rest of body

Front 63

membranes

Back 63

consists of an epithelial sheet and underlyaing connective tissue layer; cover and protect other structures and tissues in body

Front 64

mucous membranes

Back 64

line passageways that communicate with the exterior, including digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts
1) form barrier that resists pathogens
2) epithelial surfaces must be kept moist
3) areolar tissue component called lamina propria

Front 65

serous membrane

Back 65

line subdivisions of ventral body cavity
1) 3 serous membranes consisting of mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue
-pleura, peritoneam, pericardium
2) thin and firmly attached to body wall and organs
3) parietal (wall) and visceral (organ) portions of a serous membrane are in close contact at all times - minimizing friction between these is primary function
4) fluid formed on surface called transudate

Front 66

cutaneous membranes

Back 66

aka skin; covers surface of body; consists of stratifies squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue

Front 67

synovial membranes

Back 67

line joint cavities and secrete synovial fluid; consist of areolar connective tissue bound by superficial squamous or cubodial epithelium

Front 68

muscle tissue

Back 68

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth - contraction mechanism similar in all but differ in organization

Front 69

neural tisue

Back 69

2 cell types:
1) neurons - nerve cells that transmit impulses
2) neuroglia - supporting cells

Front 70

integumentary system

Back 70

1) physical protection from environment
2) thermoregulation
3) synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
4) excretion
5) synthesis of vitamin D
6) sensory info
7) coordination of immune responses

Front 71

cutaneous membrane

Back 71

epidermis and dermis

Front 72

accessory structures of integumentary system

Back 72

1) hair follicles
2) exocrine glands
3) nails

Front 73

epidermis

Back 73

stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Front 74

epidermis functions

Back 74

1) protects underlying dermis
2) controls skin permeability
3) prevents pathogen
4) synthesizes Vitamin D
5) sensory receptors detect sensations
6) coordinates immune response

Front 75

epidermis cells

Back 75

1) keratinocytes - most abundant
2) melanocytes - pigment cells
3) merkel cells - specialized touch receptor cells
4) langerhans cells - immune reponse

Front 76

stratum germinativum (stratum basale)

Back 76

inntermost basal layer; attached to basal lamina; contains epidermal stem cells, melanocytes, and merkel cells

Front 77

strum spinosum

Back 77

keratinocytes bound together by macula adherens attached to tonofibrils of cytoskeleton; some keratinocytes divide; langerhans cells and melanocytes present

Front 78

stratum granulosum

Back 78

keratoncytes produce keratohyalin and keratin; keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner and flatter; cell membranes thicken, organelles disintegrate, cells die

Front 79

stratum lucidum

Back 79

appears glassy; in thick skin only

Front 80

stratum corneum

Back 80

many layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes; dry; water resistant; permits slow water loss

Front 81

thin skin

Back 81

most of body covered with thin skin; no stratum lucidum; less keratinized

Front 82

thick skin

Back 82

contains all five layers; more stratum corneum; highly keratinized; palms of hand and soles of feet

Front 83

dermis

Back 83

connective tissue layer underlying epidermis

Front 84

papillary layer

Back 84

loos connective tissue; superficial layer that contains capillaries which supply the epidermis

Front 85

reticular layer

Back 85

dense irregular connective tissue; deep layer that contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat and sebaceous glands

Front 86

subcutaneous layer

Back 86

aka hypodermis or superficial fasica; layer of loose connective tissue with an abundance of fate cells; not part of integument but fuctions to stabilize skin's position against underlying organs