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688 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(1) are the structural units of all livings things
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cells
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Who was Robert Hooke?
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first observed plants cells
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NAME
first observed plants cells |
Robert Hooke
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Whao was Mathisa Schlieden and Theordor Schwann?
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insisted that all livings things are composed of cells
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Who is Rudolf Virchow?
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said that cells arise from other cells
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NAME
said that other arise from other cells |
Rudolf Virchow
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What is theory of sponateous generation?
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says that organisisms arise spontaneously from garbage or other nonliving material
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NAME
says that organisms arise sponaneously from garbage or other nonliving material |
sponateous generation
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What are the four concepts of the cell theory?
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(1)a cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms (2)the activity of an organism depends on both the individial and the collective activities of its cells (3) According to the principle of complementarity, the biochemical activites of the cell are dictated by their specific subcellar activies (4)Continituity of life has a cellular basis
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What is the priniciple of complementarity?
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states that the biochemical activties of cell are dictated by their specific subcellular structures
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NAME
states that the biochemical activities of the cell are dictated by their specific subcellular structures |
priniciple of complementarity
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A cell's shape reflects its (1)
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function
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A cell's (1) reflects its function
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shape
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What are the three main parts of the human cell?
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(1)plasma membrane (2)cytoplasm (3)nucleus
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What is the plasma membrane?
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a fragile barrier that is the outer boundary of the cell
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NAME
is a fragile barrier that is the outer boundary of the cell |
plasma membrane
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What is the cytoplasm?
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the intracellular fluid that is packed w organelles
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NAME
is intracellular fluid that is packed w organelles |
cytoplasm
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NAME
controls cellular activities and lies near that cell's center |
nucleus
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NAME
defines the extent of a cell therby separting two of the body's major fluid compartments |
plasma membrane
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What are the body's two major fluid compartments?
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(1)intracellular fluid (2)extracellular fluid
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What intracellular fluid?
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fluid w/in the cell
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NAME
is fluid w/in the cell |
intracellular fluid
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What is extracellular fluid?
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is fluid outside the cell
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NAME
if fluid outside the cell |
extracellular fluid
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T or F
nearly all cellular organelles are enclosed in a membrane |
True
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Diagram the sturcture of the plasma membrane?
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p 66
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What are the function's of the plasma membrane?
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(1)external cell barrier (2)transport (3)mantians a resting potiental (4)important in cell to cell regonization
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NAME
functions include a external barrier, transport, mantians a resting poteintal, and important in cell to cell regonization |
plasma membrane
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NAME
is the cellular region btwn the nuclear and plasma membrane |
cytoplasm
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What does the cytoplasm consist of?
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cystol (2)organelles (3)inclusions
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(1) consisits of cystol, organelles, and inclusions
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cytoplasm
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NAME
is the powerhous of the cell and the site of ATP syntheis |
Mitochondria
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NAME
is the site of ATP synthesis |
mitochondria
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What is the mitochondria?
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ATP synthesis
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What is Ribosomes?
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the sites of protein synthesis
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NAME
are the sites of protien synthesis |
ribosomes
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What is the rough er?
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has ribosomes
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NAME
has ribosomes |
rough er
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NAME
does not have ribosomes |
smooth er
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NAME
is the site of lipid and steriod snythesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification |
smooth er
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What is smooth er?
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is the site of lipid and steriod synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detroxification
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NAME
are the sites of intracelluar digestion |
lysomes
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What are lysomes?
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are the sites of intracellular digestion
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What are peroxisomes?
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detoxify a number of toxic substances
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NAME
detoxify a lot of toxic substances |
peroxisomes
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What are mircotubles made up of ?
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tublin
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NAME
are made up of tublin |
mircotubles
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what are mircofilaments made up of?
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actin
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NAME
are made up of actin |
mircofilaments
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what are centrioles?
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are nine triplets of microtubles
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NAME
are nine triplets of microtubles |
centrioles
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What is the fluid mosiac model?
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depicts the plasma membrane as a thin double layer of lipid molecules w protein molecules dispersed in it
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NAME
depicts the plasma membrane as a thin double layer of lipid molecules w protein molecules dispersed in it |
fluid mosiac model
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(1) forms the fabric of the membrane
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lipid bilayer
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Each phosopholipid has a (1) and (2)
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(1)charged hydrophilic head (2)uncharged nonpolor hydrophobic tail
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What does hydrophillic mean?
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water loving
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NAME
means water loving |
hydrophillic
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What does hydrophobic?
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fear of water
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NAME
means fear of water |
hydrophobic
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T or F
the self-orienting property of phospholipids encourages biolgiocal membranes to self-assembly into closed, generally spherical, structures and to reseal themselves quickly when torn |
True
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What are some functions of membrane proteins?
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(1)transport (2)enzymatic activity (3)receptors for signal transduction (4) intercellular joining (5) cell-cell recoginition (6)attachement to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
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The majority of membrane phosphilipds are (1)
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Unsaturated
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What are glycoplipids?
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phospholipids w attached sugar groups
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NAME
are phospholipids w attached sugar groups |
glycoplipids
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What are lipid rafts?
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dynamic assemblies of satuarted phospholipids associated w unique lipids called sphingolipids and lots of cholesterol
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NAME
dynamic assmeblies of saturated phospholipds assocaited w unique lipids called sphinogolipids and lots of cholestral |
lipid raft
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What are the two types of protiens in the membrane?
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(1)integral (2)peripheral
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What are integral proteins?
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are protiens firmly inserted into the lipid bilayer
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NAME
are responsible for most of the speacilized membrane functions |
protiens
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NAME
are protiens firmly inserted into lipid bilayer |
inegral protiens
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What are transmembrane protiens?
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protiens that span the entire width of the memrbane and protude on both sides
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NAME
are proteins that span the entire width of the membrane and protude on both sides |
transmembrane proteins
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Most integral protiens are (1)
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transmembrane protiens
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T or F
all integral protiens have both hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions |
True
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transmembrane protiens are mainly inovled in (1)
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transport
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NAME
when protiens act as receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior |
signal transduction
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What is signal transduction?
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when protiens act as receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers and relay messages to the cell interior
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What is the function of the cystol?
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solution/space
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NAME
the function is soultion and space |
cystol
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What is the funciton of the rough er?
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make and transport protiens
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NAME
their function is make and transport protiens |
rough er
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What is the function of smooth er?
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transport protiens
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NAME
their function is to transport proitens |
smooth er
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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cell control and storage of gentic info
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NAME
their function is cell control and genitic info |
nucleus
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
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translate genes for protien manifucturing
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NAME
function is for the translating genes and protien manifucturing |
nucleolus
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What is the function of the nuclear membrane?
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allow entry and egress to nucleus
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NAME
thier function is to allow entry and egress to the nucleus |
nuclear membrane
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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control entry and egress of cells
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NAME
their function includes the control and entry and egress of the cell |
plasma membrane
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What is the function of the golgi Apparatus?
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package protiens
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NAME
thier function includs package protiens |
Golgi Apparatus
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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produce ATP
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NAME
produces ATP |
mitochondria
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What is the function of the lysosome?
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waste disposal
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NAME
function in waste disposal |
lyososome
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What is the function of Vacuole in plants?
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water storage
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NAME
functions in water storage |
vacuole in plants
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What is the function of amyloplast?
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starch storage
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NAME
function in starch storage |
amyloplast
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What is the function of Pinocytotic?
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entry of large molecules
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NAME
function in the entry of large molecules |
Pinocytotic
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What is the function of centrioles during cell division only?
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control cell division
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NAME
function in controling cell division |
centrioles
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What is the function of chloroplast?
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make glucose
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NAME
function in making glucose from light energy |
chloroplast
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What is the function of the cell wall in plants?
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structure and strength
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NAME
function in struture and strength |
cell wall in plants
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What is the cytoskelton made up of? (2)
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(1)microfilaments and (2)mircotubules
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NAME
is made up of mircofilaments and mircotubules |
cytoskelton
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What is the function of the cytoskelton?
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cell strucutre and molecule transport
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NAME
functions in cell structure and molecule transport |
cytoskelton
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What the different types of vesicles?(4)
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(1)lysosme (2)vacuole (3)amyloplast (4)Pinocytotic
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What are glycolipids?
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lipids w sugar
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What are glycoprotiens?
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protiens w sugar
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Fill in the blanks of the diagram of the cell
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p 65
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Fill in the blanks fo the diagram of the plasma membrane
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p 66
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What are peripheral protiens
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proteins not embeded in the lipid-bilyaer but loosely attached
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NAME
are protiens that are not embeded in the lipid bilayer but loosely attached |
peripheral protiens
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What does glycocalyx mean?
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sugar covering
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NAME
means sugar covering |
Glycococalyx
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What is teh Glycocalyx?
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is the fuzzy sticky carb rich area at the cell surface that allows the differ cells stick to each other
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NAME
is a fuzzy sticky carb rich area that allows for differ cells to stick to each other |
Glycolcalyx
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What happens when a cell becomes canerous?
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there are definite changes in the glycocalyx of the cancer cell-- allowing it keep ahead of the body's immune system
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NAME
this is indicated when the cell's glycocalyx is continouslay chagnging-therefore, allowing it to keep ahead of the body's immune system |
cancerous cells
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(1)is like olive oil
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the plasma membrane
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What are mircovilli?
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are minute fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from a free, or exposed cell surface
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NAME
are minute fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from a free or exposed cell surface |
microbilli
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Where are mircovilli often found?
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on the surface of the kindney or intestines
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What are three factors that bind cells togehter? (3)
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(1)Glycoprotins in the glycoalyx act as an adhesive (2) wavy contours of the membranes of adjacent cells fit together in a tongue and groove fashion (3)speacial membrane junactions are formed
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What is a tight junction?
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a series of intergral protiens in the plasma membrane fused together forming an impermeable juntion the encricles the cell
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NAME
is a series of integral protiens in the plasma membrane fused together forming an impermeable junction that encircles the cell |
tight junction
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(1)this junction, prevents molecules from passing through extracellualar spcae such as how in btwn epitheal cells and digestive ennzymes keep microbes and digestive enzymes out of the intestines
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tight junction
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Give a ex of a tight junction
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btwn eptiheal cells and digestive enzymes--keeps out mircobes and digestive enzymes out of the intestines
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What are desmosomes?
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are anchoring junctions
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NAME
are anchoring junctions |
desmosomes
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What are the different types of cell junctions? (3)
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(1)tight (2)desmosomes (3)gap
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What does one mean by anchoring junction?
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mechanical couplings scattered like rivets alongs the sides of abutting cells to prevent separation
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NAME
is the mechanical coupling scattered like rivets along the sides of abutting cells to prevent separation |
anchoring junction or desmosomes
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Where are desmosomes the most abundant?
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tissues subject to great mechanical stress
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NAME
are most abundant in tissues that are subject to great mechanical stress |
desmosomes
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What is a gap junction?
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is communicating junction taht allows chemical substances to pass btwn adjacent cells
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NAME
is a communicating junction that allows chemical substances to pass btwn adjacent cells |
gap junction
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Where are gap junctions present?
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in electrically exictable tissues such as the heart and smooth muscles
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NAME
are present in electrically exictable tissues such as the heart and the smooth muscles |
gap junctions
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Cells are bathed in extracellular fluid called (1)that is derived from the blood
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interstitial fluid
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What is interstitial fluid?
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an extracellular fluid derived from our blood that baths our cells
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To remain health all of our cells must extracts nutrienst from the (1)at specfic times
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extracellular fluid
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Tell which junction are which
|
pg 69
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the plasma mebrane has (1)
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selctive permeable barrier
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(1) has a selective permeable barrier
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plasma membrane
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What is selectively permearble?
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means that it allows some substances to pass throught the membrane well not others
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NAME
means that it allows some substances to pass through the membrane well not others |
selectively permearble
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What happens to burn patients?
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the selective permeability of their's cells becomes void allowing fluids, protiens, and ions to weep from the dead and damaged cells
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NAME
in these patients the seletive permeability of their cells becomes void allowing for protiens, fluids, and ions to weap from the dead and damaged skin |
burn patients
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What are the two ways that substances move throught the plasma membrane?
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(1)activly (2)passivly
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What is passive transport?
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when substances cross the membrane w out any using energy
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NAME
is when substance pass through the membrane w out using any energy |
passive transport
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What is active transport?
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is when substances pass through the membrane w the help of ATP
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NAME
is when substances pass through the membrane w the help of ATP |
active transport
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What are the two different types of pasive transport?
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(1)diffuision (2) filtration
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Diffusion and filtration are both exs of (1)
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passive transport
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What is diffusion?
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is the tendency of molecules or ions to scatter evenly throughout the environment
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NAME
is the tendency of molecules or ions to scatter evenly throughout the environent |
diffusion
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Molecules allows moves from areas of (1) concentration or areas of (2) concentration
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(1)higher (2) lower
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Molecules diffuse (1)concentration gradient
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along or down
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What influences the speed of diffusion? (2)
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(1)size of the molecules (2) temperature
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Bc of the (1) the plasma membrane is a physical barrier to free diffusion
|
hydrophobic core
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When will a molecule diffuse through the membrane?
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if it is (1)lipid souble (2)small enough to pass through the membrane channels (3)assisted by a carrier molecule
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What is simple diffusion?
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the unassisted diffusion of lipid souble or very small particles
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NAME
is the unassisted diffusion of lipid souble or very small particles |
simple diffusion
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Which substances can be moved by simple diffusion?
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nonpolor and lipid souble substances
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Oxygen is continously diffusing from (1) into the (2)
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(1)blood (2)cells
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What is facilated diffusion?
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is in which the transported substance either binds to the protien carriers in the membrane is carried off or moces through water filled protien channels
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NAME
is in which the transported substance either binds to the protien carrier in the membrane and is carried across or moves through water filled protiens |
facilated diffusion
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What is permease or carrier protiens
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is a transmembrane integral priteins that shows specificty for molecules of certian polar substances or class of substances that are to large to pass though membrane channels
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NAME
is transmembrane intergral protiens that show speciticty for molecules of certain polar substances or class of substances that are to large to pass through the membrane channels |
permease or carrier protiens
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Carrier proteins are sometimes refered to as (1)
|
permease
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(1) is normally in higher concentration in the blood then in the cells
|
glucose
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is carrier meddiated transport limited? explain why?
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yes by the number of recepetors present
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What are channel protiens?
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are trasnmembrane protiens that serve to transport substances unsally ions or water through aqueious channels from one side of the membrane to the other
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NAME
are transmembrane protiens that serve to transport substances usally ions or water through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other |
channel protiens
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Explain if when channel protiens open? (4)
|
(1)open for water and small ions, (2)selctive to pore size and the charge of the amino acid (3)are always open (4)gated and open for chemical or electrical signals
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Is facilate diffusion controlble?
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yes
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What is osmosis?
|
the diffusion of water
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NAME
is the diffusion of water |
osmosis
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|
Water move freely though water specific channels called (1)
|
aquaporins
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What are aquaporins?
|
are water specfic channels by which water moves
|
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The extent to which water's concetration decreases depends on?
|
the number of solute particles
|
|
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What is osmolarity?
|
refers to the total concentration of all solutles particles in a soultion
|
|
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NAME
refers to the total concentration of all solutes particles in a solution |
osmolarity
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As water diffuses into the cell the (1) is equal to the (2)
|
(1)hydrostatic pressure (2)osmotic pressure
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|
As (1) diffues into the cell the hydryostatic pressure is equal to the ostmotic pressure
|
water
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What is the hydrostatic pressure?
|
the back pressure exerted by water against the membrane
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NAME
is the back pressure exerted by water against the membrane |
hydrostatic pressure
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What is osmotic pressure?
|
the cells tendency ot resisit futrther net entry
|
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NAME
is the cell's tendecny to resisist further net entry |
osmotic pressure
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|
|
When does osmosis ocur?
|
whenever the water concentration differs on the two side of the membrane
|
|
|
NAME
ocurs whenever the water concentration differs on two sides of the membrane |
osmosis
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|
Osmotic imbalance can cause animal cell to either (1) or (2)
|
lyse or shrink
|
|
|
Lyse means that the cell will (1)
|
burst
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|
What is tonicity?
|
is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of the cell altering their internal water volumne
|
|
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NAME
is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of the cell altering their internal water volumne |
tonicity
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If a anaimal cell is placed in a (1) solution it will lyse
|
hypotonic
|
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What happens if a animal cell is palced in a hypotonic solution?
|
it will lyse
|
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What happens if a animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
|
it will shrink
|
|
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NAME
if a animal cell is placed in this solution it will shrink |
hypertonic
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|
|
a solution;s osmolarity is based soley on (1)
|
total solute concentration
|
|
|
A solution's toncitiy is based on (1) or (2)
|
(1)solute concentration (2)solute permeability of the plasma membrane
|
|
|
(1)is extremly important in determining the distribution of water in various fluid-containing compartments of the body
|
osmosis
|
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Is simple diffusion a selevtive process?
|
no
|
|
|
Is osmosis a selective process?
|
no
|
|
|
How can a dehydrated patient be treated?
|
by giving them a hyptonic solution
|
|
|
NAME
these patients cna be treated w hypotonic solutions |
dehydrated patients
|
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|
What is filtration?
|
is the process that forces water and solutes through a memrbane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure
|
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NAME
is a process that forces water and solutes through a membrane or capillary wall by fluid or hydrostatic pressure |
filtration
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The gradient for filtration is (1)
|
passive granditent
|
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|
(1)for the gradient is a passive gradient
|
filtration
|
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What is a passive gradient?
|
is when soulte containing fluid is pushed from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area
|
|
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NAME
is when solute containing fluid is pushed from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area |
passive gradient
|
|
|
(1) exerted by the blood forces fluid out of the capillaries
|
hydrostaic pressure
|
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|
(1)also providse the fluid extercted by the kidneys as urine
|
filtration
|
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|
is filtration selective?
|
no
|
|
|
What are the differ types of intergral protiens? (5)
|
(1)structural (2)ionic (3)transport (4)carrier (5)enzaymtic protiens
|
|
|
free ions can only be captured by (1)
|
anti-oxidative agents
|
|
|
Give some ex(s)of anit-oxidative agents? (4)
|
(1)choclate (2)broccli (3)citrus fruits (4)nuts (5)oily foods like fish
|
|
|
What does cholestral do?
|
helps hold the membrane together
|
|
|
NAME
helps hold the membrane together |
cholestral
|
|
|
(1)helps sugar get to the membrane
|
insulin
|
|
|
What is isotatnic?
|
solutions w the same solute concentration as that of the cystol
|
|
|
NAME
are solutions w the same solute concentration as that of the cystol |
isotatinic
|
|
|
What is hypertonic?
|
solutions w a greater concentration then that of the cytosol
|
|
|
NAME
are soltuions w a greater concentration then that of the cytosol |
hypertonic
|
|
|
What is hyptonic?
|
solutions having less concentrations then that of the cystol
|
|
|
NAME
is solutions having less conectration then that of the cystol |
hypotonic
|
|
|
What is hyptonic?
|
solutions having less concentrations then that of the cystol
|
|
|
NAME
is solutions having less conectration then that of the cystol |
hypotonic
|
|
|
What are the two major mechanisms of active transport?
|
(1)active transport (2)vesicular transport
|
|
|
What is active transport?
|
is in which active transporters or solute pumps move solutes and most importantly ions againsts the conceration gradient
|
|
|
NAME
is when transporters or solute pumps move solutes and most importantly ions against the concentration gradient |
active transport
|
|
|
What is a solute pump?
|
are transporters responsible for moving solutes or ions
|
|
|
NAME
are transporters that are responslble for moving solutes or ions |
solute pumps
|
|
|
How are the differ active transports distungished?
|
by their energy source
|
|
|
Where does the energy for primary active transport come from?
|
directly from the hydrolysis of ATP
|
|
|
NAME
the energy for this transport comes directly from the hydrolysis of ATP |
primary active transport
|
|
|
Where does the energy for secoundary active transport come from?
|
indirectly from the energy stored in ionic gradients created by the operation of primary active transport pumps
|
|
|
NAME
the energy for this transport comes indirectly from the energy stored in ionic gradients created by the operation of primary active transport |
secoundary active transport
|
|
|
Secoundary active transport systems are all (1)
|
coupled systems
|
|
|
(1) transport systems are all coupled systems
|
secoundary active
|
|
|
What is coupled system?
|
means that they move more than one substance at a time
|
|
|
NAME
means they more more than one substance at a time |
coupled system
|
|
|
What is a symport system?
|
is when two transported substances are moved in the same direction
|
|
|
NAME
is when two transported subtances are moved in the same direction |
symport system
|
|
|
What is the antiport system?
|
is when transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the memebrane in oppostie directions
|
|
|
NAME
is when transported substances "wave to each other" as they cross the membrane in oppostie directions |
antiport system
|
|
|
What is primary active transport?
|
is the hydrolysis of ATP resulting in the phosphorylation of the transport protien allowing for the protien to pump solutes across the membrane
|
|
|
NAME
is the hyrdorlysis of ATP resulting in the phosphorylation of the transport protien allowing for the protien to pump solutes across the membrane |
primary active transport
|
|
|
Give a ex of primary active transport? (2)
|
sodium-potassium pump (2)calcium pump
|
|
|
NAME
is ex is sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump |
primary active transport
|
|
|
What is the carrier protien for the sodium-potassium pump?
|
Na+K+ ATPase
|
|
|
What is Na+K+ ATPase?
|
is the carrier protien for the sodium postassium pump
|
|
|
What is the concentration of K and Na like in the cell?
|
there is more Na in the outside of the cell and more of a concentration of K inside the cell
|
|
|
Why is the having a higher concentration of Na outside the cell and K in the cell so important?
|
bc the ionic concentration differences are essential for exicitble cells like nerve and muscle cells to function normally and for all body cells to maintian their normal fluid vol
|
|
|
T or F
a single ATP, powered pump such as Na K pump can indirectly drive the secoundary active transport of several other solutes |
True
|
|
|
By moving sodium across the plasma membrane against its concentration, the pump (1)
|
stores energy
|
|
|
By (1), the pump stores energy
|
moving sodium across the plasma membrane
|
|
|
A substance pumped across the membrane can (1)
|
do work
|
|
|
What happens as a substance is pumped across the membrane and leaks back?
|
it can do work
|
|
|
What happens as Sodium moves back in the cell w the help of carrier protiens?
|
other substances are dragged along or cotransported by a commmon carrier protien
|
|
|
(1) can also be used to drive antiport systems
|
Ion gradients
|
|
|
Each membrane pump or cotransporter transports (1)
|
only specfic substances
|
|
|
How are large particles, marcomolecules, and fluids transported?
|
by vesicular transport
|
|
|
Vesicular transport is used to transport (1),(2),and (3)
|
(1)large particles (2)marcomolecules (3)fluids
|
|
|
Vesicular transport is the mechanism used for (1)
|
exocytosis
|
|
|
(1) is the mechanism used for exocytosis
|
vesicular transport
|
|
|
What is exocytosis?
|
is the moving of substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space
|
|
|
NAME
is the moving of substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space |
exocytosis
|
|
|
What is endocytosis?
|
is moving substances across the plasma membrane into the cell from the extracellular environment
|
|
|
NAME
is moving substances across the plasma membrane into the cell from extracellular environment |
endocytosis
|
|
|
What is transcytosis?
|
is moving substances into across the and then out of the cell
|
|
|
NAME
is moving substances into across the and then out of the cell |
transcytosis
|
|
|
What is substance or vesicular trafficking?
|
moving substances from one area in the cell to another
|
|
|
NAME
is moving substances from one area to in the cell another |
substance or vesicular trafficking
|
|
|
What is vesicle?
|
is a membraneous sac that encloses and transports contents by spilling them into the cell
|
|
|
NAME
is a membraneous sac that encloses and transports the contents by spilling them into the cell |
vesicle
|
|
|
What is clathrin?
|
is a protien coating on the cytoplasmic face of the vesicle
|
|
|
NAME
is a protien coating on the cytoplasmic face of the vesicle |
clathrin
|
|
|
What is the Phagocytosis?
|
is the engulfing of a cell
|
|
|
NAME
is the engulfing of a cell |
phagocytosis
|
|
|
What is pagosome?
|
is the endocytoic vesicle formed
|
|
|
NAME
is the endocytoic vesicle formed |
pagosome
|
|
|
How do most phagocytes move?
|
by amoeboid motion
|
|
|
NAME
mostly move by amoeboid motion |
phagocytes
|
|
|
Pinocytosis is also called (1)
|
fluid-phase endocytosis
|
|
|
(1) is also called fluid-phase endocytosis
|
pinocytosis
|
|
|
What is amoebiod motion?
|
is the flowing of their cytoplasm into tremporary pseudopods allowing pagocytes to creep along
|
|
|
NAME
is the flowing of their cyptoplasm into temporary pseudopods allowing them to creep along |
amoebiod motion
|
|
|
What is pinocytosis?
|
is a bit of infolding plasma membrane surrounds a very small vol of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules
|
|
|
NAME
is a bit of infolding plasma mebrane surrounds a very small vol of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules |
pinocytosis
|
|
|
What is Caveolae?
|
tublar or flask shaped inpocketings of the plasma membrane seen in many cell types
|
|
|
NAME
is tublar or flask shaped inpocketings of the plasma membrane seen in my cell types |
caveolae
|
|
|
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
|
is the main mechanims for the specfic endocytosis and transcytosis of most macromolecules by body cell's and it is exquistly selective
|
|
|
NAME
is the main mechanism for the specfic endocytosis and transytosis of most macromolecules by body cell's and it is exquistly selective |
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
How does exoctytosis ocur? (3)
|
(1)secretion or ejection of substances from a cell (2)teh substance is enclosed in a membrane vesicle which fuses w the plasma membrane and ruptures (3)releasing the substance to the exterior
|
|
|
NAME
Secretion or ejection of substances from a cell, the substance is enclosed in a membrane vesicle which fuses w the plasma membrane and ruptures the substance into the exterior |
exocyotosis
|
|
|
What are types of endocytosis that ocur via clathrin coated vesicles? (3)
|
(1)Phagocytotis (2)Pinocytosis (3)receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
How does phagocytosis ocur?
|
A large external particle is surrounded by a "seizing foot" and becomes enclosed in a clathrin-coated vesicle
|
|
|
NAME
a large extrernal particle is surrounded by a "seizing foot" and becomes enclosed in a clathrin-coated vesicle |
phagocytosis
|
|
|
How does Pinocytosis ocur?
|
(1)plasma membrane sinks beneath an external fluid droplet containing small solutes (2)membrane edges fuse forming a fluid-filled /clathrin coated vesicle
|
|
|
NAME
the plasma membrane sinks beneath the external fluid droplet contianing small solutes and membrane edges fuse forming a fluid-filled vesicle/clathrin coated vesicle |
pinocytosis
|
|
|
WNAME
a ex is the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, etc and ejection of cell wastes |
exocyotisis
|
|
|
Give a ex of exocytosis? (2)
|
(1)the secretion of neurotransmitters, hormones, mucus, etc (2)ejection of wastes
|
|
|
Give a ex of phagocytosis?
|
In the human body, ocurs primarly in protective phaogcytes
|
|
|
NAME
ex ocurs primarly in protective phagocytes |
phagocytosis
|
|
|
Why is pinocytosis important?
|
it is important for taking in dissolved solutes by absorptive cells of the kidney and intestines
|
|
|
NAME
is important for taking in dissolved solutes by absorptive cells of the kidney and intestines |
pinocytosis
|
|
|
How does receptor mediated endocytosis work?
|
Slective endoctosis (2)external substances bind to membrane receptors and clarthin-coated pits are formed
|
|
|
NAME
Selective endoctosis, external substances bind to membrane receptors and clarthin-coated pits are formed |
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
NAME
selective endocytosis ; external substances binds to membrane receptors and caveolin coated vesicles are formed |
Endocytosis via caeolin-coated vesicles
|
|
|
What is endocytosis via caeolin-coated vesicles?
|
when external substances bind to membrane receptors and caveolin-coated vesicles are formed
|
|
|
NAME
is when vesicles coated w coatomer protiens pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo |
Endocytosis via coatomer-coated vesicles
|
|
|
What is endocytosis via coatomer coated vesiceles?
|
is when vesicles coated w coatomer protiens pinch off from organelles and travel to other organelles to deliver their cargo
|
|
|
NAME
example includes the means of intake for some hormones ,cholrestal, iron, and most marcormolecules |
receptor mediated endocytosis
|
|
|
NAME
the roles are not known; proposed roles include cholestral regulation, and trafficking |
Endocytosis via caveolin-coateed vesicles
|
|
|
NAME
accounts for nearly all intracellular trafficking of molecules |
Endocyotiss via coatomer-coated vesicles
|
|
|
Endocyotisis via coatomer-coated vesicles accounts for (1)
|
nearly all intracellular trafficking of molecules
|
|
|
What is membrane potential ?
|
voltage across the membrane
|
|
|
NAME
is voltage across the membrane |
membrane potential
|
|
|
What is voltage?
|
is electrical potential resulting from the separtion of oppositely charged particles
|
|
|
NAME
is electrical potential resulting from the separtion of oppositely charged particles |
voltage
|
|
|
What keeps the different ions apart in the membrane?
|
their oppossite charges
|
|
|
in their resting state, all body cells exhibit a (1)
|
resting membrane potential
|
|
|
All cells are said to be (1)
|
polarized
|
|
|
The cell interior is eletrically (1)
|
neutral
|
|
|
How is the resting membrane potenital determined?
|
by the concentration gradients of K+ and by the differential permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and other ions
|
|
|
as more and more K+ leave the cell, the negativity of the innner membrane attracts (1) back into the cell
|
K+
|
|
|
(1) is strongly attracted to the cell interior by its concentration gradient
|
Na
|
|
|
T orF
the number of ions producing the membrane poteintal is so small that it does not change the ion concetrations in any siginificant way |
True
|
|
|
The cell exhibits a (1) in which diffusion causes ionic imbalances that polariz the membrane and active transport proccesses mantain the membrane potential
|
steady state
|
|
|
each turn of the sodium potassium pump ejects (1) out of the cell and carries (2) back into the cell
|
(1)3Na+ (2)2k+
|
|
|
(1) maintians both the membrane potienal and the osmotic balance
|
the ATp-dependent Na+K+ pump
|
|
|
only (1) solutes diffuse down the gradient, but for (1) it is partially true
|
uncharged (2)ions
|
|
|
(1) diffuse according to electrochemical gradients
|
ions
|
|
|
ions diffuse according to the (1)
|
electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
"upsetting" the resting membrane poteitnal by transient openings of is a normal means of (1)
|
activating neurons and muscle cells
|
|
|
What are the two large families of the glycocalyx?
|
(1)cell adhesion molecules (2)plasma membrane receptors
|
|
|
What is CAM stand for?
|
cell adhesion molecules
|
|
|
What is CAM?
|
are found in almost every cell in the body and play key roles in embronyic devolpment, wound repair, and immunity
|
|
|
NAME
are found in almost every cell in the body and play key roles in embronyic devlopment, wound repair and immunity |
CAM
|
|
|
CAMS can acts as (1), (2), (3)
|
(1)the molecular "velcro" cells used to anchor themselves to molecules in the extraceullar space and to each other (2)the arms that migrating cells use to haul themselves past one another (3)SOS singals sticking out from the blood vessel lining that rally protective white blood cells to a nearby infected or injured area (4)mechanical sensors that respond to local tension at the cell surface by stimulating symthesis or degradation of adhesive membrane junctions
|
|
|
What are membrane receptors?
|
are a huge and diverse group of integral protiens and glycoprotiens that serve as bonding sites
|
|
|
NAME
are huge adn diverse group of intergral protiens and glycoprotiens that serve as bonding sites |
membrane receptors
|
|
|
What is contacting singnaling/
|
the actual coming together and touching of cells
|
|
|
NAME
is the actual coming together and touching of cells |
contacting singnaling
|
|
|
NAME
is important for normal devlopment and immunity |
contact singnaling
|
|
|
What is electrical singnaling?
|
when certain plasma membrane receptors are channel protiens that respond to changes in the membrane potiental by opening or closing
|
|
|
NAME
is when certain plasma membrane protiens are channels protins that respond to changes in the membrane potiental by either closing or opening |
electrical signaling
|
|
|
voltage regulated channels are common in exicitable tissues like (1) and (2)
|
(1)nueral (2)muscle
|
|
|
Most plasma membrane recpetors are involed in (1)
|
chemical signaling
|
|
|
Most (1) are involved in chemical signaling
|
plasma membrane receptors
|
|
|
What are ligands?
|
are plasma membrane receptors by which signaling chemicals bind to
|
|
|
NAME
signaling chemicals that bind specifically to plasma membrane receptors |
ligands
|
|
|
What is Acetylcholine?
|
stimiuletes the skeletal muscles to contract but inhibits the heart muscle
|
|
|
NAME
stimulates the skelteal muscles to contract but inhibits the heart muscle |
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
A target cell's response depends on (1)
|
the internal machinary that the receptor is linked to
|
|
|
NAME
exert their effect indirectly through G protien |
G protien-linked receptors
|
|
|
NAME
acts as the middleman or relay to activate a membrane bound eznyme or ion channel |
G protien
|
|
|
What is a G protien?
|
act as the middleman or relay to activate a membrane bound enzyme or ion channel
|
|
|
What happens when the G-protien is activated?
|
secound messengers are generated and connect the plasma membrane events to the internal metabolic machinery of the cell
|
|
|
What are two very important secdoun messengers?
|
(1)cyclic AMP (2)ionic calicum
|
|
|
What do cyclic AMP and ionic calicum do?
|
typically activate protien kinase enzymes
|
|
|
NAME (2)
typically they activate protien kinase enzymes |
cyclic AMP and ionic calicum
|
|
|
How do kineases activate other enzymes?
|
by transfering a phosphate group from ATP to other protiens
|
|
|
What is one of natures most simplest molecueles?
|
NO
|
|
|
NO stands for (1)
|
nitric oxide
|
|
|
NAME
is an major environmental polluttant |
NO
|
|
|
NAME
is the first gas known to act as biological messenger |
NO
|
|
|
What is NO? (3)
|
(1)one of natures most simplest molecules (2)an environmental pollutant (3)the first gas known to act as a biologcal messenger
|
|
|
What is so bad about NO?
|
bc it is so small it can slip into and out of cells (2)its one paired electron makes it highly reactive
|
|
|
What is the cytoplasm?
|
is the cellular material btwn the plasma mebrane and the nucleus
|
|
|
NAME
is the cellular material btwn the plasma membrane and the nucleus |
cytoplasm
|
|
|
NAME
is the site where most cellular activies are accomplished |
cytoplasm
|
|
|
What are the three major parts of the cytoplasm?
|
(1)cytosol (2)organelles (3)inclusions
|
|
|
NAME
is the visous semittransparent fluid in which other cytoplasmic elements are suspended |
cytosol
|
|
|
What are cytoplasmic organelles?
|
are the metabolic machinery of the cell
|
|
|
NAME
are the metabolic macheniary of the cell |
cytoplasmic organelles
|
|
|
What are inclusions?
|
are chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type
|
|
|
NAME
are chemical substances that may or may not be present depending on the cell type |
inclusions
|
|
|
Give some exs of inclusions?
|
glycogen
|
|
|
T or F
all organelles have a membrane |
False
|
|
|
What are some ex(s) of nonmembranous ogranelles? (3)
|
(1)cytoskeleton (2)centrioles (3)ribosomes
|
|
|
cytoskeletion, centrioles, and ribosomes are exs of (10
|
nonmembranous organelles
|
|
|
Besides provding (1)an organelles membranes unites it w the (2)
|
(1)isolation (2)endomembrane system
|
|
|
What makes up the endomembrane system? (5)
|
(1)mitochondria (2)peroxisome (3)lysomes (4)er (5)glogi apparatus
|
|
|
NAME
are threadlike or sausage shaped membranous organelles |
mitochondria
|
|
|
generally, (1) are clustered where the action is
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
(1) enclose the mitochondria
|
two membranes
|
|
|
Describe the two membranes of the mitochondria? (2)
|
(1)the outer membrane is smooth and featured less (2)the inner membrane folds inward forming a shelflike cristae that protudes into the matrix
|
|
|
the inner membrane of the mitochondria folds innerward forming shelflike (1) that protude into the matrix
|
cristae
|
|
|
Mitochondria contain their own (1) and are able to (2)
|
(1)DNA and RNA (2)replicate themselves
|
|
|
(1) contain their own DNA and RNA and are able to replicate themselves
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
mitochondria are similar to (1)
|
purple bacteria
|
|
|
(1) are similar to purple bacteria
|
mitochondria
|
|
|
What is widely believed about mitochondria?
|
that mitochondria arose from bacteria cells that invaded the ancient ancestors of plant and animal cells
|
|
|
NAME
this is believed to arose from bacteria cells that invaded the ancient ancestors of plant and animal cells |
mitochondria
|
|
|
NAME
are small, dark-staining granules composed of protiens and a varity of RNA call ribosomal RNA |
ribosomes
|
|
|
What are free ribosomes?
|
make soluble protiens that function in the cytool
|
|
|
NAME
make soluble protiens that function in the cystol |
free ribosomes
|
|
|
What are membrane bound ribosomes?
|
synsthezies protiens destined either for incorporation into the cell membrane or for export from the cell
|
|
|
NAME
synthesize protiens destined either for incorporation into the cell membrane or for export from the cell |
membrane bound ribsomes
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn free ribosomes and membrane bound ribosomes?
|
(1)free ribosomes make soluble protients that function in the cytool (2)membrane bound ribosomes synthesize protiens destined either for incoporation into the cell membrane or for export from the cell
|
|
|
T or F
ribosomes can switch back and forth btwn functions |
true
|
|
|
What does ER stand for?
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
What is ER/
|
is an extensive system of itnerconnected tubs and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavites or cisternae that coils and twist through the cystol
|
|
|
NAME
is an extensive system of itnerconnected tubs and parallel membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavites or cisternae that coils and twist through the cystol |
ER
|
|
|
What is cisternae?
|
part of the er
|
|
|
Where can most rough er be found?
|
in most secretory cells (2)antibody producing plasma cells (3)liver cells
|
|
|
NAME
this can be found in most secretory cells, antibody producing plasma cells, and liver cells |
rough er
|
|
|
When does a ribosomes attach to the mebrane?
|
when a singal sequence is present in a protien
|
|
|
When a singal sequence is present in a protien, then (1)
|
a ribosomes attaches to the rough er
|
|
|
what happens after a ribosomes attaches to the rough er?
|
the "cargo" of the ribosome and mRNA is is guided to receptor sites on the ER membrane by SRP
|
|
|
What does SRP stand for?
|
signal recongination particle
|
|
|
NAME
is a continuaion of the rough er and consists of tubules arranged in a looping network |
smooth er
|
|
|
What are (5) ways that smooth er catalyze reactions?
|
(1)lipid metabolism, cholestral syntheisis and syntheis of lipids (2)synthesis of sterioid based horomones such as sex hormones (3)Absorption, syntehsis, and transport of fats (4)detoxifaction od drugs, certian pesticides, and carinogens (5)breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
|
|
|
Where can smooth er be found? (2)
|
skeletal and (2)muscle cells
|
|
|
T or F
most body cells contain little to no smooth er |
true
|
|
|
NAME
cosists of stacked and flattened membrane sacs shaped like hollow dinner plates, assocaited w swarms of tiny membranus protiens |
Golgi Apparatus
|
|
|
the golgi appartatus is the primary (1)
|
traffic director
|
|
|
NAME
its major function is to modify, concentrate, and package the protiens and lipids made at the rough er |
Golgi apparatus
|
|
|
What are two parts of the Golgi Apparatus?
|
(1)cis face (2)trans face
|
|
|
What is the cis face of the golgi apparatus?
|
the recieving side
|
|
|
What is the trans face of the golgi apparatus?
|
the shippin side
|
|
|
NAME
is the shipping side of the golgi appartus |
trans face
|
|
|
NAME
is the recieving side of the golgi appartus |
cis face
|
|
|
(1) are also calle granules
|
secretory vesicles
|
|
|
secretory vesicles are also called (1)
|
granules
|
|
|
what are granules?
|
vesicles containing protiens destined for export pinch off from the trans face
|
|
|
NAME
are vesicles containing protiens destined for export pinch off from the trans face |
granules
|
|
|
How do granules discharge thier contents?
|
exocytosis
|
|
|
NAME
are spherical membranous organelles containg digestive enzymes |
lysomes
|
|
|
NAMe
are large and abundant in phagocytes |
lysosomes
|
|
|
Where are lysosomes large and abundaunt?
|
phagocytes
|
|
|
lyosomes are somtimes called (1)
|
acid hydrolases
|
|
|
(1) are somtimes called acid hydrolases because they work in acidic conidtions
|
lysosomes
|
|
|
How is the lysosomal membrane adapted to serve lysosmal functions? (2)
|
(1)it contains H+ pump, ATPases that gather H+ ions from the cystol to mantain the organelles acidic PH (2) it retains the dangerous acid hydrolases while permiting the final products of digestion to so that they can be used by the cell or excreted
|
|
|
Lysosomes only work in (1)conditons
|
acidic
|
|
|
How do lysosomes function as a cell's demoltion crew? (5)
|
(1)digesting particles taken in by endocytosis such as ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins (2)degraded worn out or non-functional organelles (3)performing metabolic functions such as glycogen break down and release (4)breaking down nonuseful tissues such as the webs btwn fingers and toes and uterine lining during menstruation (5)breaking down the bone ti release calcium ions into the blood
|
|
|
(1) is found mainly in white blood cells
|
secerteory lysomes
|
|
|
secreteory lysomes are found mainly in (1)cells
|
white blood
|
|
|
What happens when a lysosome ruptures?
|
autolysis
|
|
|
When does autolysis ocur?
|
when a lysome ruptures
|
|
|
What is autolysis?
|
the self-digestion of a cell resulting from the rupture of a lysosome
|
|
|
NAME
the self-digestion of a cell resulting from the rupture of a lysosome |
autolysis
|
|
|
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
|
conditon in which lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down glycolipid abundant in nerve cell mebranes
|
|
|
NAME
conditon in which lysosomes lack an enzyme needed to break down glycolipid abundant in nerve cell mebranes |
Tay-sach disease
|
|
|
What are the symptosm of Tay-sachs disease?
|
(1)infants have doll like features and pink translucent skin (2)progresses towards mental retradation, seizures, blindness, and death w in a few months
|
|
|
NAME
symptoms include in infants have doll like features and pink translucent skin. lastly, progresses towards mental retradation, seizures, blindness, and death w in a few months |
Tay-Sach disease
|
|
|
What is the endomembrane system?
|
is a system of organelles that work mainly together
|
|
|
NAME
is a system of organelles that work mainly together |
endomembrane system
|
|
|
What are the main functions of the endomembrane system (2)?
|
(1)to produce, store, and export biological molecules (2)degrade potentially harmful substances
|
|
|
NAME
functions include to produce, store, and export biological molecules and degrade potentially harmful substances |
endomembrane system
|
|
|
NAME
are membraneous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes |
peroxisomes
|
|
|
What are two of the most powerful enzymes that make up peroxisomes?
|
(1)oxidases (2)catalases
|
|
|
What are oxidases?
|
an enzyme that uses O2 to detoxify harmful substances
|
|
|
NAME
is an enzyme that uses O2 to detoxify harmful substances such as alcholol and formaledhyde |
oxidases
|
|
|
What is the main function of oxidase that is the most imoportant>
|
to nuetralize free radicals
|
|
|
NAME
their most important function is nuetralize free radicals |
oxidase
|
|
|
What are free radicals?
|
highly reactive chemicals w unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of biological molecules
|
|
|
NAME
are highly reactive chemicals w unpaired electrons that can scramble the strucutre of biological molecules |
free radicals
|
|
|
What does oxidase do w the free radicals?
|
converts free radicals into hydrogen peroxide which is quickly converted into water
|
|
|
NAME
converts free radicals into hyrdogen peroxide which is quickly converted into water |
oxidase
|
|
|
T or F
free radicals and Hydrogen peroxide are normal by products of cellular metabolism |
True
|
|
|
Where are peroxisomes the most numerous?
|
in the liver and kindey cells
|
|
|
NAME
are most numerous in the liver and kidney cells |
peroxisomes
|
|
|
NAME
is elboarate series of rods running through the cytsol |
cytoplasm
|
|
|
Cytoskelton can act as a cell's (1), (2), and (3) by supporting cellular strucures and providing the machinary to generate various cell movements
|
(1)bones (2)muscles (3)ligaments
|
|
|
(1) can act as cell's bones, muscles, and ligaments by supporting cellular structures and providing the machinary to generate various cell movements
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
What are the three type of rods that make of the cytoskeleton? (3)
|
(1)microfilaments (2)microtubules (3)intermediate filaments
|
|
|
What are mircortubles?
|
have the largest diamter and are made up of tublin
|
|
|
NAME
have the largest in diamter and are made up of tublin |
microtubles
|
|
|
Most microtubles radiate from a small region of cytoplasm near the nucelus called the (1)
|
centrosome
|
|
|
Organelles like the mitochondria. lysosomes, and secreteroy granoles are continually pulled along the microtubules and repostioned by (1)that act like train engines
|
motor protiens
|
|
|
What are microfilaments?
|
are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton and are made up of actin
|
|
|
NAME
are the thinnest of elements of the cytoskeleton and are made up of actin |
mircofilaments
|
|
|
Most mircofilament are involved in (1) and (2)
|
(1)cell moltity (2)changes in cell shape
|
|
|
Most (1) are involved in cell moltilty and changes in the cell shape
|
mircofilaments
|
|
|
Mircofilament interacte w (1) to generate contractile forces in the muscle cell
|
myosin
|
|
|
(1) interacte w myosin to generate contractile forces in the muscle cell
|
mircofilaments
|
|
|
myosin interacte w myosin to generate (1)
|
contractile forces in the muscle cells
|
|
|
What are intermediate filaments?
|
are tough, insouble protien fibers that have a diamter btwn that of mircofilaments and microtubules
|
|
|
NAME
are tough, insouble protien fibers that have a diamter btwn that of mircofilaments and mircotubules |
intermediate filaments
|
|
|
Mircotubules are anchored at one end in a region called (1)
|
centrosome
|
|
|
(1) are anhored at one end in a region called centrosome
|
mircotubules
|
|
|
What is a centrosome?
|
is region in which mircotubules are anchored
|
|
|
NAME
acts as the mircotubule organizing center |
centrosome
|
|
|
NAME
are small, barrel-shaped organelles oriented at right angles to each other |
centrioles
|
|
|
Centrioles also form the bases of (1) and (2)
|
(1)cilla (2)flagella
|
|
|
(1) also form the bases of cila and flagella
|
centrioles
|
|
|
What are cilla?
|
are whiplike, motile celular extensions
|
|
|
NAME
are whiplike, motile celular enxtensions that ocur typically in large numbers on the exposed surfeaces of certain cells |
cilla
|
|
|
Give a ex of where cilla can be found
|
lining of the respirartary tract=pushes bacteria and mucuous out of the lungs
|
|
|
What are flagella?
|
projections of centrioles that are longer than cilla
|
|
|
NAME
are projections of centrioeles that are longer than cilla |
flagella
|
|
|
What is the main differ btwn cilla and flagella? (2)
|
cilla propel other substances across a cell's surface (2)flagellum propels the cell itself
|
|
|
What is a basal body?
|
refers to the base of cilla and flagella which is made up of centrioles
|
|
|
NAME
refers to the base of cilla and flagella which is made up of centrioles |
basal body
|
|
|
What is dynein?
|
is the motor protien that are the arms of the flagella
|
|
|
NAME
is the motor protien that are the arms of the flagella |
dynein
|
|
|
What is a power stroke ?(hint flagella)
|
when the flagella is nearly striaght and moves as a arc
|
|
|
NAME
is when the flagella is nearly striaght and moves as a arc |
power stroke
|
|
|
What is the recovery stroke?
hint flagella |
is when the flagella bends and returns to its normal postion
|
|
|
NAME
is when the flagella bends and returns to tis normal postion |
recovery strok
|
|
|
NAME
is a techinque for analyzing minsucle sample of DNA taken from semen, skin etc |
DNA fingerprinting
|
|
|
What is the differ btwn every human?
|
.1 % difference
|
|
|
T or F
All cells only have one nucleus |
False
|
|
|
What is a multnucleate?
|
is cells that have more than one nucleus
|
|
|
NAME
are cells that have more than one nucleus |
multnucleate
|
|
|
Give some exs of cells that have a multnucleate?
|
(1)skeletal muscle cells (2)bone destruction cells (3)some liver cells
|
|
|
Skeleteal muscle cells, bone destruction cell, and some liver cells have (1)
|
multnucleate
|
|
|
T or F
all of our body's cells have a nucleus |
False
|
|
|
What is the only exception in our body cells that do not have a nucleus?
|
red blood cells
|
|
|
Do red blood cells have a nucleus
|
No
|
|
|
NAME
these cells do not have nucelus |
Red blood cells
|
|
|
Cells w out a nucelus are called (1)
|
anucleate
|
|
|
What is a anucleate?
|
is a cell w out nucleus
|
|
|
can a cell reproduce w / out a nucleus?
|
no
|
|
|
What are three parts of the nucleus?
|
(1)nuclear envelope (2) nucleoli (3)chromatin
|
|
|
What are nuclear envelope?
|
a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
|
|
|
NAME
is a double memrbane that surrounds the nucleus |
nuclear envelope
|
|
|
NAME
regulates the entry and exit of large particles into and out of the nucleus |
nuclear pores
|
|
|
What are nuclear pores?
|
regulates the entry and exit of large particles into and out of the nucleus
|
|
|
is the nucleoli are not membrane bound?
|
no
|
|
|
NAME
are dark staining spherical bodies found w/ in the nuclues |
nucleoli
|
|
|
What is nucleoli?
|
are dark staining spherical bodies found w/ in the nuclues
|
|
|
NAME
is a system of bumpy threads weaving its way through the nucloplasm |
nucleoli
|
|
|
what makes up the inside of DNA?
|
protien histone
|
|
|
What are nucleosomes?
|
clusters of eight histones connected like beads
|
|
|
NAME
are clusters of eight histones connected like beads |
nucleosomes
|
|
|
What is extended chromatin?
|
are active chromatin segements
|
|
|
NAME
are active chromatin segements |
extended chromatin
|
|
|
What are condensed chromatin?
|
are inactive chromatin segments
|
|
|
NAME
are inactive chromatin segments |
condensed chromatin
|
|
|
What are chromosomes?
|
the chromatin coiled and condensed into barlike bodies
|
|
|
NAME
is the chromatin coiled and condensed into barlike bodies |
chromosomes
|
|
|
NAME
is a series of changes a cell undergoes through life from the time it is formed until it reproduces |
cell cycle
|
|
|
What is the cell cycle?
|
is a series of changes a cell undergoes through life from the time it is formed until it reproduces
|
|
|
What are the two major parts of the cell cycle?
|
(1)interphase and (2)cell division
|
|
|
What is interphase?
|
is when the cell grows and carries on its normal activities
|
|
|
NAME
is when the cell grows and carries on its normal activites |
interphase
|
|
|
NAME
when the cell divides |
cell divsion
|
|
|
Cell divison is also called (1)
|
mitoitic phase
|
|
|
(1) is also called the mitoitc phase
|
cell division
|
|
|
What are the different parts of interphase in order as they ocur? (3)
|
(1)G1 (2)S (3)G2
|
|
|
What is the G1 phase?
|
the growth phase
|
|
|
NAME
is the growth phase |
G1
|
|
|
NAME
is the growth and DNA synthesis phase |
S phase
|
|
|
WHat is the S phase?
|
is the growth and DNA synthesis phase
|
|
|
What is the G2 phase?
|
is the growth and final preparation for cell division phase
|
|
|
NAME
is the growth and final preparation for cell division phase |
G2 phase
|
|
|
What is the G0 phase?
|
when the cell is undergoing no activity
|
|
|
NAME
is when the cell is undergoing no activity |
G0 phase
|
|
|
Draw a picture of the cell cycle
|
pg 99
|
|
|
What is helicase?
|
is an eznyme that untwists the double helix
|
|
|
NAME
is an enzyme that untwists the double helix |
helicase
|
|
|
What is the replication bouble?
|
is the site of sepearation of DNA
|
|
|
NAME
is the site of seperation of DNA |
replication bouble
|
|
|
What is the replication fork?
|
is the Y shaped region at each end of the replication bubble
|
|
|
NAME
is the Y shaped region at the end of the replication bubble |
replication fork
|
|
|
A bonds w (1)
|
T
|
|
|
T bonds w (1)
|
T
|
|
|
G bonds to (1)
|
C
|
|
|
C bonds w (1)
|
G
|
|
|
A stands for (1)
|
adenine
|
|
|
G stands for (1)
|
Guanine
|
|
|
T stands for (1)
|
thyamine
|
|
|
C stands for (1)
|
cytosine
|
|
|
What is replisome?
|
are several different protiens present in a large complex for DNA synethsis
|
|
|
NAME
are several different protiens present in a large complex for DNA synethsis |
replisome
|
|
|
What is DNA ligase?
|
seals the sugar phosphate back bone
|
|
|
NAME
is an enzyme that seals the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA |
DNA ligase
|
|
|
The mechanism of DNA replication is sometimes refered to as (1)
|
semiconservative replication
|
|
|
(1) is essential for body growth and tissue repair
|
cell division
|
|
|
Which cells are always dividing? (3)
|
(1)skin (2)intestinal (3)the liver replicates but more slowly
|
|
|
Which cells do not divide? (3)
|
(1)nervous tissues (2)skeletal muscle tissue (3)heart muscle
|
|
|
How do cells that do not divide the like nervous tissue cells repair?
|
w/ scar tissue
|
|
|
What are the two phases of cell division?
|
(1)mitiosis (2)cytokineisi
|
|
|
What is mitiosis?
|
division of the nucelus
|
|
|
NAME
is the division of the nucleus |
mitiosis
|
|
|
NAME
is the division of the cytoplasm |
cytokineisis
|
|
|
What is cytokinesis?
|
is the division of the cytoplasm
|
|
|
What are the phases of mitosis?
|
(1)prophase (2)metaphase (3)anaphase (4)telophase
|
|
|
What is the cleavage furrow?
|
is the spindle equator
|
|
|
NAME
is the spindle equator |
cleavage furrow
|
|
|
The plasma membrane over the center of the cell is drawn inward to form a (1) by the activity of a contractile ringe made of actin filaments
|
cleavage furrow
|
|
|
What is important in the control of cell division?
|
the ratio of cell surface area to cell vol
|
|
|
Why is the ratio of cell surface to area to cell vol important during cell division?
|
bc the amounts of nutrients growing is releated to its vol
|
|
|
What is interphase?
|
(1)the nucleolus is visible and the u can see the centrioles and chromatin
|
|
|
NAME
the nucleolus is visible and u can see the centriole and the chromatin |
interphase
|
|
|
Draw the differ phases of mitoisis
|
p 102
|
|
|
Which phase is the longest of mitosis?
|
prophase
|
|
|
NAME
the nuclear enveolpoe is barely visible, the spindle forms, and microtubules attach to kinetochore |
late prophase
|
|
|
What is later prophase? (3)
|
(1)the nuclear enevolpe is barely visible (2)the spindle forms (3)the mirctubules attarch to the kinetochore
|
|
|
What is metaphase?
|
the chromosomes line up against the poles in the spindle
|
|
|
NAME
the chromosomes line up against the poles in the spindle |
metaphase
|
|
|
NAME
during this phase, the chromsomes split |
anaphase
|
|
|
What is anaphase?
|
the chromosomes split
|
|
|
What is the telophase and cytokinesis ?
|
(1)the nucleus starts to form again (2)cleavage furrow forms as the two cells split
|
|
|
NAME
the nucleus starts to form again, and the cleavage furrow forms as the two cells split |
telophase and cytokinesis
|
|
|
Chromosomes consist of two (1)
|
sister chromatids
|
|
|
(1) consist of two sister chromatids
|
chromosomes
|
|
|
When do normal cells stop proliferating?
|
when they begin touching
|
|
|
What is contact inhibition?
|
is when cells touch they stop proliferating
|
|
|
NAME
is when call touch they stop proliferating |
contact inhibition
|
|
|
The cell cycle is controled by a (1)regulated by internal and external factors
|
built in clock
|
|
|
What are two groups of protiens that apper crucial to the ability of a cell to accomplish S phase and enter mitosis?
|
cyclins (2)cdks
|
|
|
cyclins and Cdks are protiens that are essenital for (1)
|
the S phase and mitosis to start
|
|
|
What does Cdks stand for?
|
cyclin-dependent kinases
|
|
|
What protien is required to give the ok to pass the G2 checkpoint?
|
MPF
|
|
|
What is MPF?
|
is a protien that is required to give the ok to pass the G2 checkpoint
|
|
|
What does MPF stand for?
|
M-phase prompoting factor
|
|
|
What is gene?
|
is a segement of DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating polypeptide chains
|
|
|
NAME
is a segement of DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating polypeptide chains |
gene
|
|
|
What is triplet?
|
three base sequence
|
|
|
NAME
are three base sequence |
triplet
|
|
|
What are exons?
|
are amino acid-specfying information sequences
|
|
|
NAME
are amino acid-specfying info sequences |
exons
|
|
|
What are introns?
|
are noncoding segements
|
|
|
NAME
are noncoding segements |
introns
|
|
|
What are the (3) forms of RNA?
|
(1)tRNA (2)mRNA (3)rRNA
|
|
|
What are two major steps of polypetide synthesis?
|
(1)transcription (2)transalation
|
|
|
NAME
are rules by which the base sequence of a gene is translated into an amion acid sequence |
genetic code
|
|
|
What is transcription?
|
is DNA replication
|
|
|
NAME
is DNA replication |
transciption
|
|
|
NAME
is when DNA's info is encoded in mRNA |
transcription
|
|
|
NAME
is when the info is carried by mRNA |
translation
|
|
|
Draw a simple scheme of information flow to show from the DNA gene to the protein structure
|
p106
|
|
|
What is translation?
|
protien synthesis
|
|
|
NAME
is protien synthesis |
translation
|
|
|
What is promoter?
|
is a specail DNA sequence that specfies where mRNA synthesis starts and which DNA strand is going to serve as the templete
|
|
|
NAME
is a sepacial sequence of DNA that specfies where mRNA synthesis starts and which DNA strand is going to serve as the templete |
promoter
|
|
|
NAME
is the enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA |
RNA polmyerase
|
|
|
Each triplet of mRNA is called (1)
|
codon
|
|
|
What is a codon?
|
is a triplet of mRNA
|
|
|
What are spliceosomes?
|
are large mRNA complexes that snip out introns and splice together teh remaining exon-coded sections
|
|
|
NAME
are large mRNA complexes that snip out introns and splice together the remaining exon-coded sections |
splicoesomes
|
|
|
What is anticodon?
|
is triplet complementarty to mRNA
|
|
|
NAME
is a triplet complementrary to mRNA |
anticodon
|
|
|
What signals for the two units of the ribosomes to bind together?
|
initiator tRNA
|
|
|
What are start codon?
|
AUG
|
|
|
NAME
AUG |
is a start codon
|
|
|
NAME
UAA, UGA, and UAG |
stop codon
|
|
|
What are the stop codons? (3)
|
(1)UAA (2)UGA (3)UAG
|
|
|
What are extracellular materials?
|
are any substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells
|
|
|
NAME
are any substances contributing to body mass that are found outside the cells |
extracellular materials
|
|
|
What are the two types of extracellular material? (2)
|
(1)body fluids (2)Cellular secretions
|
|
|
What is body fluid?
|
is mainly interstital fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
NAME
is mainly interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid |
body fluid
|
|
|
What are cellular secretions?
|
are extracellular materials include substances that aid in digestion
|
|
|
NAME
are extracellular materials include substances that aid in digestion |
cellular secretions
|
|
|
(1) is partuculary abundant in the connective tissue
|
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
What is cell differentation?
|
is the development of specfic and distinctive features in cells
|
|
|
NAME
is the development of specfic and distinctive features in cells |
cell differentation
|
|
|
What is autotosis?
|
is a type of programmed cell death that eliminetes excess cells
|
|
|
NAME
is a type of programmed cell death taht eliminates excess cells |
autotosis
|
|
|
What is hyperplasia?
|
is when one is anemic and the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate
|
|
|
NAME
is when one is anemic and the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate |
hyperplasia
|
|
|
What is atrophy?
|
is a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue
|
|
|
NAME
is a decrease in size of an organ or body tissue |
atrophy
|
|
|
muscles that lose thier nerve supply atrophy and waste away and lack of excersie can lead to (1)
|
brittle bones
|
|
|
(1) accounts for most problems w old age
|
cell aging
|
|
|
What are two vitmains that antioxidants?
|
C and E
|
|
|
antioxidants may help to prevent (1)
|
excessive free radicals
|
|
|
(1) may help to prevent excessive free radicals
|
antioxidants
|
|
|
NAME
Vitamins C and E are exs |
antioxidants
|
|
|
One theory of aging says that aging is due to progressive disorders in the (1)
|
immune system
|
|
|
Explain the theory that says that progressive disorders in the immune system causes ageing (2)
|
(1)autoimmune responses turns against our tissues (2)their is a progressive weakening of the immune system
|
|
|
The most widely accepeted theory of agining is (1) theory
|
genetic
|
|
|
What is the genetic theory of agiging?
|
suggests that cell aging are "programmed into our genes"
|
|
|
NAME
suggests that cell aging is "programmed into our genes" |
the genetic theory of aging
|
|
|
The genentic theory, statest that a (1)clock determines the number of times a cell can divide
|
telomere
|
|
|
What are telomeres?
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are strings of nucleotides that cap the end of chromsomes, protecting them from fraying or fusing w other chromosomes
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are strings of nucleotides that cap the end of chromosomes, protecting them from fraying or fusing w other chromosomes |
telomores
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Do telomores carry vital genes?
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yes
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Why are telmores essential for survial?
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bc each time DNA replicates the ends of nucleotides are lost and the telemores get shorter
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What happens when telemores get a certain length?
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a stop-division signal is given
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What is telomarease?
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is an enzyme that protects telomores from degrading
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