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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nerves
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neurons bundled into fasciculi
fasciculi bundled into nerves |
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A nerve
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epineurium outer layer
perineurium- groups of fibers endoneurium - nerve fiber |
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Neural regeneration after injury
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only PNS regenerates
cut - Schwann cells form cord & unite - axon sends buds to schwann cells - cont. growth into stump - wrapped by schwann cells |
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1000 synapses of one neuron!
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1000 synapses of one neuron!
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synaptic cleft
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transmits neuron here
vesicle fuses with plasma membrane - neurotransmitter released into cleft - neurotrans binds to receptor on other neuromembrane if neurotrans does not bind, doesn't work |
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crossing a synapse
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neurotransmitter released from axon terminal into cleft
dendrite of next neuron has receptos stimulated by neurotransmitter |
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Way of Nerve Impulse
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stimulus
disturbs membrane send impulse depolarization (equal charges) Na+ flows in initiates action potential of neuron whole axon disturbed, K+ rushes out to repolarize Na+ pump restores to original (ATP needed to do this) impulse continues away from cell, myelin adds speed |
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Resting Potential
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a neuron @ rest
Na+ and K+ are in large concentrations inside and out |
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Nerve Impulse
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change in charge
travels along neuromembrane aka Action Potential depends on mvmnt of Na+ ions and K+ ions btwen interstitial fluid and neuron inside |
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Sensory neurons
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go TO cns
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Motor neurons
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go FROM cns
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Interneurons
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connect sensory and motor neurons
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Anaxonic neuron
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only in CNS
hard to tell dendrites from axons |
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Bipolar neuron
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in retina and ear
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unipolar neuron
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most common
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Multipolar neuron
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motor neuron
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Nerve fibers of CNS
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Unmyelinated
Myelinated - produce myelin from oligondendrocytes, nodes of ranvier are less in # |
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Myelinated Axon
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speeds up impulse
insulates and maintains axon |
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Nodes of Ranvier
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unmyelinated gaps between myelin
impulses jump from node to node |
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Myelin
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white matter of nerves, brain and spinal cord
mostly phospholipids on membrane of cells produces schwann cells that wind around axon |
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neurilemma
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outside layer of cytoplasmic schwann cell
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nerve fibers of PNS
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an axon and its sheaths
myelinated and unmyelinated |
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axon sturcture
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long and specialized
collaterals-branches telodendria-end of axons and collaterals cytoplasm-axoplasm plasma membrane-axolemma |
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synapse
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junction between 2 nerve cells
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axons
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conduct impulses away from cell body
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dendrites
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conduct impulse TO cell body
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perikaryon
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"around nucleus"
cytoplasm of nerve cell lots of mitochondira for energy ribosomes too - nissle bodies |
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neurons
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electrical impulses
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neuroglia of PNS
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Shwann cells - form myelin sheath of PNS
Satellite cells - protect nerve cell bodies no foot process, instead WRAPS to form sheath |
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Ependymal cells
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like ventricles (hollow areas of brain)
secrete cerebrospinal fluid |
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microglia
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spiderlike phagocytes
dispose of debris andering cell |
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Oligondendrocytes
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produce myelin sheath in CNS
insulate neurons protect and speed up impulse wirey foot process |
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astrocytes
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star cell
blood brain barrier repair damage control environment of brain foot process wrap around nerve cell and capillaries |
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neuroglia of CNS
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glue cells
support and protect CNS |
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nervous tissue cells
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neurons-communication cells, send impulses, specialized
neuroglia-glue system together both support and protect |
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motor
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Efferent division
nerve fibers carry info FROM CNS |
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Sensory
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Afferent division
nerve fibers carry info TO cns |
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Parasympathetic
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rest/digest
slows rate digestion speeds up |
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Sympathetic
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fight/flight
heart rate increase, blood pressure, sweat |
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Somatic
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voluntary
skeletal muscles |
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Autonomic
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involuntary
Sympathic and Parasympathetic |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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MOTOR -Efferent, away from CNS
SENSORY - Afferent, TO CNS, cranial spinal nerves |
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Nervous System
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CNS
brain spinal cord PNS Sensory Motor - autonomic (sym and parasym) and somatic |
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Spinal Cord
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large bundles of fascicles in vertebral canal
pathway btwn body and mind impulses to and from brain spinal reflexes |
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs
all paired L/R all are mixed nerves - motor and sensory |
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Structure of Spinal Cord
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from foramen magnum to 1st lumbar
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Meninges
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covers spinal cord
Dura mater-outer layer, hard Arachnoid-thinner, spiderlike Piamater-fused to spinal cord by astrocytes |
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Inner part of Spinal cord
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Gray matter
unmyelinated cell bodies, neuroglia, dendrites horns- in/out info Posterior - IN sensory ANterior - OUT motor |
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Outer part of spinal cord
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White matter
Tracts- columns of myelinated fibers ascending (up) is Sensory descending (down) is Motor |
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Spinal Nerves Roots
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connect to spinal cord via dorsal and ventral root
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Dorsal root
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sensory
posterior |
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Ventral root
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motor
anterior |
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Ramis
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roots unite into spinal nerve
nerve exits foramen split into branches/rami |
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Dorsal Ramus
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smaller
innerves BACK |
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Ventral Ramus
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big
innerves ARMS, LEGS, ABS |
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dermatomes
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skin slices
skin supplied by spinal nerve |
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Nerve Plexus
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"braid"
supply limbs and braid when leave spinal cord |
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Cervical Plexus
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innerves neck and shoulder
c1-c5 Phrenic nerve to diaphragm |
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Brachial Plexus
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innerves arm and shoulder
c5-c8, t1 |
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Sacral Plexus
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innerves posterior hip, thigh leg and genitals
Sciatic nerve is here |
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Lumbar Plexus
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Innerves medial and anterior thigh and abs
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is for side of thigh and skin |
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Spinal Reflexes
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automatic response
result from stimuli of spinal relfex arc |
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Spincal cord injuries
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affect sensory/motor perception
spincal compression - squeezes cord spinal transection-severs cord |
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Quadriplegia
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injury above brachial plexus
All limbs if above C3, can still use arms |
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Paraplegia
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lower limb paralysis
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