Anatomy : Central Nervous System

Front 1

Brain and spinal cord

Back 1

Dorsal hollow nerve cord , Derived from ectoderm

Front 2

Gray matter

Back 2

Sites where neuron cell bodies are clustered, surrounds hollow central cavith, also external gray matter present in the brain

Front 3

White matter

Back 3

External to internal gray matter , no cell bodies , but millions of axons, color is from myelin sheaths

Front 4

Central nervous system

Back 4

Brain and spinal cord

Front 5

Rostral

Back 5

Toward the snout/ nose

Front 6

Caudal

Back 6

Toward the tail

Front 7

Basic structural components of the brain

Back 7

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and ventricles

Front 8

Functional systems of the brain

Back 8

Limbic and reticular systems

Front 9

Spinal cord

Back 9

Neural tube caudal ( head) to the brain

Front 10

Prosencephalon

Back 10

Forebrain

Front 11

Prosencephalon

Back 11

Includes telencephalon and diencephalon

Front 12

Telencephalon

Back 12

Cerebral hemispheres / cerebrum --- lateral ventricles

Front 13

Diencephalon

Back 13

Thalamus. Hypothalamus, epithalamus --- third ventricle

Front 14

Mesencephalon

Back 14

Midbrain.

Front 15

Mesencephalon

Back 15

Midbrain portion of brain stem --- cerebral aqueduct

Front 16

Rhombencephalon

Back 16

Hind brain includes fourth ventricle, metencephalon , and myelencephalon

Front 17

Metencephalon

Back 17

Pons portion of brain stem - cerebellum.

Fourth ventricle

Front 18

Myelencephalon

Back 18

Medulla oblongata portion of the brain stem , fourth ventricle

Front 19

Basic parts of the brain

Back 19

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

Brain stem

Midbrain Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Front 20

Ventricles

Back 20

Expansions of the brains central cavity / canal fluid filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Front 21

Lateral ventricle

Back 21

Are the paired (left and right) 1st and 2nd ventricles located with the cerebral hemispheres

Front 22

Third ventricle

Back 22

Located with the diencephalon , epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

Front 23

Cerebral aqueduct

Back 23

Located within the Midbrain , connects 3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 24

Fourth ventricle

Back 24

Located within the hind brain

Front 25

Central canal

Back 25

Spinal cord, not a ventricle

Front 26

Fissures

Back 26

Deepest grooves separate major portions of the brain

Front 27

Sulci

Back 27

Smaller grooves on the surface of cerebrum

Front 28

Gyri

Back 28

Folds/ridges on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres located between the sulci

Front 29

Lobes

Back 29

Are separated by deep sulci and are named for the overlying cranial bones

Front 30

Lobes types

Back 30

Frontal parietal occipital temporal

Front 31

Internal structure

Back 31

Look at a frontal section through the brain

Front 32

Cerebral cortex

Back 32

External/ superficial gray matter

Front 33

Cerebral white matter

Back 33

Located between the cerebral cortex and deep Gray matter

Front 34

Deep Gray matter

Back 34

Internal / deep surrounding ventricles

Front 35

Deep Gray matter includes

Back 35

Basal ganglia and basal forebrain nuclei

Front 36

Cerebral cortex

Back 36

Conscious mind , superficial gray matter

Front 37

Cerebral cortex areas

Back 37

Sensory association and motor areas

Front 38

Motor areas

Back 38

Control motor functions , mostly movements

Front 39

Primary motor cortex

Back 39

Controls skilled voluntary movements , fingers , facial muscles

Front 40

Premotor cortex

Back 40

Controls complex movements , hand eye coordination

Front 41

Frontal eye field

Back 41

Controls voluntary eye movements

Front 42

Brocas area

Back 42

Controls speech production

Front 43

Sensory areas

Back 43

Conscious awareness of sensation

Front 44

Primary somatosensory cortex

Back 44

Process general somatic sensory information Iike touch, pain, Pressure, temperature, proprioception

Front 45

Primary visual cortex

Back 45

Processes sensory information from the eye x retina

Front 46

Primary Auditory Cortex

Back 46

Processes sensory information from the inner ear , cochlea

Front 47

Gustatory cortex

Back 47

Processes sensory information from tastebuds

Front 48

Vestibular cortex

Back 48

Processes sensory information on equilibrium / balance from inner ear vestibule and semicircular ducts

Front 49

Olfactory complex

Back 49

Processes sensory information on smell from olfactory epithelia

Front 50

Association areas

Back 50

Integrate senses and memories , make sense of sensory information , higher order processing areas

Front 51

Somatosensory association cortez

Back 51

Integrates sensory information from primary somatosensory cortex to understand sensations

Front 52

Visual association area

Back 52

Processes visual information by analyzing color, form, movement

Front 53

Auditory association area

Back 53

Identifies sound and memories of past sounds

Front 54

Prefrontal cortex

Back 54

Performs cognitive functions and helps to control emotions

Front 55

General interpretation area

Back 55

Integrates information from a other sensory association areas

Front 56

Language area - wernickes area

Back 56

Recognizing and understanding speech

Front 57

Insula

Back 57

Sometimes referred to as the. 5th lobe, it perceives visceral sensations such as nausea

Front 58

Lateralization

Back 58

90 to 95 of individuals exhibit these generalizations

Front 59

Left hemisphere

Back 59

Details like language , math , logic

Front 60

Right hemisphere

Back 60

Big picture like visual-spatial, social, art, music, emotion

Front 61

Body map

Back 61

Illustrates the relative amount of cortical tissue devoted to a function as indicated by the relative size of the body region / part ;note the size of the hands and size of the lips

Front 62

Primary motor cortex

Back 62

Controls skilled voluntary movements

Front 63

Primary somatosensory cortex

Back 63

Touch pain pressure temperature proprioception

Front 64

Brodmanns area

Back 64

52 structurally different areas of the cerebral cortex

Front 65

Motor areas

Back 65

Movement

Front 66

Sensory areas

Back 66

Awareness

Front 67

Association areas

Back 67

Integration of senses and memories

Front 68

Prefrontal cortex

Back 68

Thinking

Front 69

Occipital lobe

Back 69

Vision

Front 70

Cerebral white matter

Back 70

Allows for communication via long axons/ nerve fibers , which bundle together to form tracts

Front 71

Commissural fibers

Back 71

Association and projection

Front 72

Corpus callosum

Back 72

Connects right and left cerebral hemispheres

Front 73

Association fibers

Back 73

Connect different parts of the sake cerebral hemispheres

Front 74

Projection fibers

Back 74

Connect the cerebral cortex to more caudal parts of the Cns

Front 75

Basal ganglia

Back 75

Involved in motor control , coordinates with cerebral cortex, also non motor function act like an hourglass tracking the passage of time

Front 76

Basal forebrain nuclei

Back 76

Associated with memory , degeneration is associated with alzheimers

Front 77

Diencephalon

Back 77

Forms the central core of the forebrain / prosencephalon and is composed of tha thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus

Front 78

Thalamus structure

Back 78

Egg shaped , paired structure , makes up 80 of diencephalon, forms superolateral wall of the 3rd ventricle

Front 79

Intermediate mass / interthalamic adhesion

Back 79

Connects right and left halves of thalamus

Front 80

Thalamus function

Back 80

Processes and relays information to the cerebral cortex

Front 81

Hypothalamus

Back 81

Main visceral control center. Located below the thalamus

Front 82

Hypothalamus structure

Back 82

Third ventricle and pituitary / hypophysis

Front 83

Third ventricle

Back 83

Forms inferolateral walls

Front 84

Pituitary /hypophysis

Back 84

Projects inferiorly from hypothalamus, sits in hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcia of the sphenoid

Front 85

Hypothalamus function

Back 85

Controls autonomic nervous system

Controls emotional response

Regulation of body temperature

Regulation of hunger and thrust sensations

Controls behavior

Regulation of sleep wake cycle

Control of endocrine system ( pituitary gland )

Formation of memory ( mamillary body)

Front 86

Epithalamus

Back 86

Located along third ventricle roof

Front 87

Pineal gland

Back 87

Located superior to thalamus

Front 88

Melatonin

Back 88

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that signals the body to prepare for nighttime sleep

Front 89

Brain stem

Back 89

Composed of three regions : Midbrain. Pons, medulla oblongata

Front 90

Midbrain

Back 90

Mesencephalon

Front 91

Cerebral aqueduct , Midbrain

Back 91

Ventricle , connects third and fourth ventricles

Front 92

Tectum , Midbrain

Back 92

Roof of the Midbrain.

Front 93

Cerebral peduncles

Back 93

Floor of Midbrain

Front 94

CN 3 and 4

Back 94

Midbrain

Front 95

Corpora quadrigemina

Back 95

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

Front 96

Superior colliculus

Back 96

Associated with visual reflexes

Front 97

Inferior colliculus

Back 97

Associated with auditory reflexes

Front 98

Midbrain function

Back 98

Associated with fight or flight response / integration

Front 99

Pons , structure

Back 99

Forms a bridge supporting right and left cerebrallar hemispheres

Front 100

Pons

Back 100

Include CN 5 , 6 , 7

Front 101

Pons function

Back 101

Relay center

Front 102

Medulla oblongata , structure

Back 102

Continuous with the spinal cord

Front 103

Medulla oblongata

Back 103

CN 8, 9, 10, 11, 12

Front 104

Medulla oblongata functions

Back 104

Cardiac center

Vasomotor

Medullary respiratory center

Hiccuping, swallowing, coughing sneezing

Front 105

Cardiac center

Back 105

Adjusts the force and rate of heart beat

Front 106

Vasomotor center

Back 106

Helps to regulate blood pressure

Front 107

Medullary respiratory center

Back 107

Sets basic rhythm rate of breathing

Front 108

Cerebellum

Back 108

Cauliflower organ, consist of 11 percent of brains mass

Front 109

Cerebellum structure

Back 109

Cerebellar hemispheres

Vermin

Folia

Fissures

Arbor vitae

Front 110

Cerebellar hemispheres

Back 110

Right and left halves of cerebellum

Front 111

Vermis

Back 111

Median worm like structure

Front 112

Folia

Back 112

Ridges

Front 113

Fissures

Back 113

Grooves

Front 114

Arbor vitae

Back 114

Internal white matter, tree of life

Front 115

Cerebellum function.

Back 115

Smoothes and coordinates body movements, help maintain posture and balance

Front 116

Functional brain systems

Back 116

Networks of neurons that work together despite the locations

Front 117

Limbic system

Back 117

Emotional brain, it is spread throughout the brain

Front 118

Limbic system structure

Back 118

Fornix

Amygdaloid

Cingulate gyros

Hippocampus

Front 119

Fornix

Back 119

A fiber tract that links the limbic system together

Front 120

Amygdaloid body/ amygdala

Back 120

Processes fear and stimulates sympathetic response

Front 121

Cingulate gyrus

Back 121

Allows one to shift between thoughts and express emotions through gestures

Front 122

Hippocampus

Back 122

Encodes consolidates and retrieves memories of facts and events

Front 123

Reticular formation

Back 123

Spans the brain stem

Front 124

Reticular formation structure

Back 124

Runs through the central core of the Midbrain Pons and medulla oblongata

Front 125

Reticular formation function

Back 125

Maintain cerebral cortex alertness and consciousness

Front 126

Protection of the brain

Back 126

The brain is protect by the skull surrounding membranes. Cerebrospinal fluid and the blood brain barrier

Front 127

Bone of skull

Back 127

Bone – cranial bones (e.g., frontal, parietal, temporal).

Front 128

Meninges

Back 128

Meninges – connective tissue membranes that lie external to the brain and spinal cord.

Front 129

Dura mater

Back 129

Dura Mater – the most external membrane, tough two-layered membrane.

Front 130

Periosteal

Back 130

Periosteal – portion associated with the periosteum of the overlying cranial bones.

Front 131

Meningeal

Back 131

Meningeal – true external covering of the brain

brain

Front 132

Subdural space

Back 132

Subdural Space – the space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Front 133

Arachnoid Mater

Back 133

Arachnoid Mater – middle membrane; “spider-like” membrane.

Front 134

Subarachnoid space

Back 134

Subarachnoid Space – the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater; contains large blood vessels that supply the brain.

Front 135

Pia Mater

Back 135

P

Pia Mater – the most internal membrane; clings to the brain’s surface; composed of delicate connective tissue that is richly vascularized.

Front 136

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 136

Cerebrospinal Fluid – watery substance that helps to nourish the brain.

Front 137

Blood brain barrier

Back 137

Blood-Brain Barrier – some blood-borne molecules cannot cross continuous brain capillaries (e.g., urea, food and bacterial toxins).

Front 138

Spinal cord

Back 138

Spinal Cord – runs through the vertebral canal.

Front 139

Spinal cord functions

Back 139

Sensory and Motor Innervations Inferior to Head

Front 140

Spinal nerves , 31

Back 140

31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves of PNS (Dorsal/Ventral Roots)

Front 141

Divisions of spinal nerves

Back 141

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal – divisions of the spinal nerves.

Front 142

Two way conduction pathway

Back 142

Two-Way Conduction Pathway Between Body and Head

Front 143

Major Center for Reflexes spinal cord

Back 143

Major Center for Reflexes – reflex arcs.

Front 144

Spinal cord protection and structure

Back 144

Vertebrae, Meninges, and Spinal Dural Sheath Epidural Space – cushioning fat and a network of veins, anesthetics are injected into the epidural space.

Front 145

Epidural Space

Back 145

Epidural Space – cushioning fat and a network of veins, anesthetics are injected into the epidural space.

Front 146

Anterior median fissure and posterior median Sulcus

Back 146

Anterior Median Fissure and Posterior Median Sulcus – deep grooves that roughly divide the spinal cord into right and left halves.

Front 147

Lateral vs Anteroposterior

Back 147

L

Lateral vs. Anteroposterior – spinal cord is wider laterally.

Front 148

Gray matter. Spinal cord

Back 148

Gray Matter – inner region only; composed of neuron cell bodies.

Front 149

Gray matter

Back 149

H shaped

Front 150

Gray matter things

Back 150

Gray Commissure – forms “crossbar” between the right and left halves. Central Canal – filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Posterior Horns – interneurons. Anterior Horns – mostly motor neurons. Lateral Horns – present in thoracic and superior lumbar regions. Dorsal Root & Doral Root Ganglia vs. Ventral Root (PNS) – dorsal root–sensory; ventral root–motor. Divisions – correspond to basic divisions of the nervous system. Somatic Sensory Visceral Sensory Visceral Motor Somatic Motor

Front 151

White matter

Back 151

White Matter – composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axons; allows communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the spinal cord and the brain. Nerve Fibers/Long Axons Ascending Fibers – carry sensory information to the brain from sensory neurons. Descending Fibers – carry motor instructions from the brain and spinal cord to effector organs. Commissural Fibers – cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other side within the spinal cord