Anatomy (Cardiovascular System)

Front 1

Consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, blood vessels.

Back 1

Cardiovascular system.

Front 2

A connective tissue composed of a liquid extra-cellular matrix called blood plasma that dissolves and suspends various cells and cell fragments:

Back 2

Blood.

Front 3

The fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood:

Back 3

Interstitial fluid.

Front 4

List the functions of blood:

Back 4

-Transportation
-Regulation
-Protection

Front 5

List the physical characteristics of blood.

Temperature?

Back 5

38* Celsius/100.4* Fahrenheit

Front 6

List the physical characteristics of blood.

pH?

Back 6

Slightly alkaline, 7.35 to 7.45.

Front 7

List the physical characteristics of blood.

Volume?

Back 7

5-6 liters in males (1.5 gallons)
4-5 liters in females (1.2 gallons)

Front 8

List the components of blood:

Back 8

Blood plasma, formed elements.

Front 9

Straw colored liquid left after formed elements are removed from blood:

Back 9

Blood plasma.

Front 10

Proteins in plasma confined in blood; play a role in maintaining proper blood osmotic pressure:

Back 10

Plasma proteins.

Front 11

Hepatocytes (liver cells) synthesize most of the plasma proteins which include:

Back 11

Albumins (54%)
Fibrinogen (7%)
Globulins (38%)

Front 12

Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins; are produced during certain immune responses:

Back 12

Antibodies/immunoglobins.

Front 13

An antibody binds specifically to a foreign substance that stimulates its production:

Back 13

Antigen.

Front 14

The formed elements of the blood contain these three principal components:

Back 14

Red blood cells (RBC)
White blood cells (WBC)
Platelets

Front 15

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC?

Back 15

Hematocrit: ___ % of volume of blood are RBC's.

Front 16

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop:

Back 16

Hemopoiesis

Front 17

Another name for red blood cells

Back 17

Erythrocytes

Front 18

The oxygen-carrying protein in blood that gives whole blood its red color

Back 18

Hemoglobin

Front 19

A hemoglobin consists of a protein called globin, composed of four polypeptide chains and a ringlike nonprotein pigment called a ____ is bound to each of the four chains.

Back 19

Heme

Front 20

The chemical symbol for Iron is:

Back 20

Fe

Front 21

The life cycle of a red blood cell

Back 21

120 Days

Front 22

When iron is removed from heme, the non-iron portion of heme is converted to ______ (a green pigment) and then into _____ (a yellow orange pigment).

Back 22

Biliverdin (green)
Bilirubin (yellow orange)

Front 23

The production of red blood cells that starts in the red bone marrow

Back 23

Erythropoiesis

Front 24

Cellular oxyden deficiency that occurs if too little oxygen enters the blood:

Back 24

Hypoxia

Front 25

Another name for white blood cells

Back 25

Leukocytes

Front 26

Name the types of granular leukocyctes

Back 26

Granular:
-neutrophil
-eosinophil

Front 27

Name the two types of agranular leukocytes

Back 27

Agranular:
-lymphocyte
-monocyte

Front 28

The process of ingesting of bacteria and disposing of dead matter:

Back 28

Phagocytosis

Front 29

A count of each of the 5 white blood cells, to detect infection or inflammation...

Back 29

Differential WBC Count

Front 30

Megakaryoblasts transform into megakaryocytes, huge cells that splinter into 2000-3000 fragments. Each fragment, enclosed by a piece of the cell membrane is a ________; these help stop blood from damaged blood vessels by forming a plug.

Back 30

Platelets (thrombocyte)

Front 31

The sequence of responses that stops bleeding:

Back 31

Hemostasis

Front 32

The loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels:

Back 32

Hemorrhage

Front 33

Straw colored liquid that is blood plasma MINUS THE CLOTTING PROTEIN

Back 33

Serum

Front 34

Gel that consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin in which the formed elements of blood are trapped:

Back 34

Clot

Front 35

The process of gel formation; a series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads:

Back 35

Clotting (coagulation) factors

Front 36

Normal clotting depends on an adequate amount of:

Back 36

Vitamin K

Front 37

A clot itself is known as a

Back 37

Thrombus

Front 38

A blood clot, bubble of air, fat from broken bones or a piece of debris transported by the blood steam is called an

Back 38

Embolus

Front 39

Based upon the presences or absence of various antigens; blood is categorized into

Back 39

Blood Groups

Front 40

Within a given blood group, there are two or more different

Back 40

Blood types

Front 41

Based on two glycolipid antigens called A and B

Back 41

ABO Blood Group

Front 42

People whose RBC displays only antigen A are:

Back 42

Type A

Front 43

People whose RBC displays only antigen B are:

Back 43

Type B

Front 44

People who have both A and B antigens are

Back 44

Type AB

Front 45

People who have neither A nor B are

Back 45

Type 0

Front 46

Named because of the antigen discovered in the Rhesus monkey

Back 46

Rh blood group

Front 47

The transfer of whole blood or blood components (red blood cells or plasma only) into the bloodstream or directly into red bone marrow:

Back 47

Transfusion

Front 48

If an Rh negative person receives an Rh positive blood transfusion, the immune system starts to make anti-Rh antibodies that will remain in the blood. If a second transfusion of Rh positive blood is given later, the previously formed anti-Rh antibodies will cause agglutination and ______ of the RBC's in the donated blood and a severe reaction may occur.

Back 48

Hemolysis

Front 49

The most common problem with Rh incompatibility; may arise during pregnancy

Back 49

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Front 50

Even while you are sleeping ,your heart pumps ____ it's own weight each minute, or ____ each minute, which amounts to more than 14,000 liters (3,600 gallons) of blood in a day.

Back 50

30x

5 liters (5.3 quarts)

Front 51

The study of the heart and the diseases associated with it:

Back 51

Cardiology

Front 52

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart:

Back 52

The pericardium

Front 53

A deeper, thinner and more delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart:

Back 53

serous pericardium

Front 54

Outer layer of the serous pericardium that is fused to the fibrous pericardium:

Back 54

Parietal layer

Front 55

The inner layer of the serous pericardium; one of the layers of the heart wall and adheres tightly to the surface of the heart.

Back 55

Visceral layer, epicardium

Front 56

Space that contains the few milliliters of pericardial fluid:

Back 56

Pericardial cavity

Front 57

External layer of the heart

Back 57

Epicardium

Front 58

Middle layer of the heart, cardiac muscle and makes up 95% of the heart, responsible for pumping action

Back 58

Myocardium

Front 59

Innermost layer of the heart, thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue that provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart:

Back 59

Endocardium

Front 60

Away:
Toward:

Back 60

Artery
Veins

Front 61

Two superior receiving chambers of the heart:

Back 61

Atria

Front 62

Two inferior pumping chambers of the heart:

Back 62

Ventricles

Front 63

Receives blood from three veins; the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus:

Back 63

Right atrium

Front 64

An oval depression, remnant of the foramen ovale, opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart that normally closes soon after birth:

Back 64

Fossa ovalis

Front 65

Blood passes from the RIGHT ATRIUM INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE through a valve called the:

This valve consists of three leaflets or cusps

Back 65

Tricuspid valve

Front 66

Forms most of the anterior surface of the heart:

Back 66

Right ventricle

Front 67

Inside of the right ventricle contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called

Back 67

Traberculae Carnaea

Front 68

"Strings of the heart"
Cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to tendonlike cords:

Back 68

Chordae tendinae

Front 69

Chordae tendinae are conneced to cone-shaped trabeculae carnae called:

Back 69

Papillary muscles

Front 70

Blood passes from the RIGHT VENTRICLE THROUGH THIS VALVE INTO A LARGE ARTERY CALLED the pulmonary trunk which divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries:

Back 70

pulmonary valve

Front 71

Forms most of the base of the heart

Back 71

Left atrium

Front 72

Blood passes from the LEFT ATRIUM INTO THE LEFT VENTRICLE through this two-cusped valve

Back 72

Bi-cuspid (mitral) valve

Front 73

Forms the apex of the heart: thickest chamber

Back 73

Left ventricle

Front 74

Blood passes from the left ventricle through this valve and into the largest artery in the body; asending aorta:

Back 74

Aortic valve

Front 75

Located between an atrium and a ventricle, the triscuspid and bicuspid valves are termed

Back 75

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

Front 76

Aortic and pulmonary valves are known as

Back 76

Semilunar valves (SL valves)

Front 77

With each beat, the heart pumps into two closed circuits with each beat:

Back 77

Systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation

Front 78

Nutrients are not able to diffuse quickly enough from blood in the chambers of the heart to supply all the layers of cells that make up the heart wall. For this reason, the myocardium has its own blood vessels or:

Back 78

coronary, cardiac circulation

Front 79

These two branch from the ascending aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium

Back 79

right and left coronary arteries

Front 80

After blood passes through the arties of the corony circulation, it flows into capillaries where it delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle and collects carbon dioxide and waste and then moves on

Back 80

Coronary sinus

Front 81

When two or more arteries supply the same region they usually connect in connections called

Back 81

Anastomoses

Front 82

An inherant and rhythmical electrical activity is the reason for a heart's continued beating. Source of this activity is a network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers. These cells are caled:

Back 82

auto rhythmic fibers/self-excitable

Front 83

A network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart. This ensures that cardiac chambers become stimulated to contract in a coordinated manner.

Back 83

Auto-rhythmic fibers

Front 84

When cardiac excitation beings:

Back 84

sinoatrial (SA) node

Front 85

Recording of electric signals in the heart

Back 85

EEG, ECK electrocardiogram

Front 86

Systole

Back 86

Refers to the contraction within the heart

Front 87

Diastole

Back 87

Refers to the relaxation of the heart

Front 88

Includes all the events associated with one heartbeat

Back 88

Cardiac cycle

Front 89

Generated during cardiac cycle (4)

Back 89

Heart sounds

Front 90

First (S1) is louder

Back 90

Lubb

Front 91

Second (S2) shorter

Back 91

Dupp

Front 92

At the beginning of the systemic circulation, blood leaves the heart from this chamber:

Back 92

Left Ventricle

Front 93

Pulmonary circulation terminates WITH:

Back 93

Oxygenated blood

Front 94

Systemic circulation terminates WITH:

Back 94

Deoxygenated blood

Front 95

Pulmonary circulation terminates in the:

Back 95

Left Atrium

Front 96

Systemic circulation terminates in the

Back 96

Right Atrium

Front 97

Pulmonary circulation begins in the

Back 97

Right Ventricle

Front 98

Circulation beginning in the left ventricle

Back 98

Systemic

Front 99

Circulation beginning in the right ventricle

Back 99

Pulmonary

Front 100

Circulation begins in a

Back 100

Ventricle

Front 101

Circulation terminates in an

Back 101

Atrium

Front 102

System circulation beings with

Back 102

Oxygenated

Front 103

Pulmonary always begins with

Back 103

Deoxygenated