Anatomy - Blood And Hematopoiesis

Front 1

What are the (3) major cell types in blood?

Back 1

erythrocytes
leokocytes
thrombocytes

Front 2

Where/what are all blood cells derived from?

Back 2

Bone marrow via hematopoiesis (haemopoiesis)

Front 3

What is serum?

Back 3

Blood minus fibrinogen

Front 4

What is the ratio of components of blood?

Back 4

***Components of blood

Front 5

Does a erythrocyte have a nucleus?

Back 5

No, no nucleus in erythrocyte

Front 6

Why is a blood cell biconcave?

Back 6

Allows for a larger surface area

Front 7

What is the average erythrocytes per mL of blood?

Back 7

5mil/mL

Front 8

What is the hematocrit and what values are average?

Back 8

Clinically, the estimated packed volume of red cells per unit of blood is called the hematorcrit

Men: ~40-50%
Women: 35-45%

Front 9

What class of blood cells are eosinophils?

Back 9

Leukocytes

Front 10

Eosinophils represent what percent of circulating leukocytes?

Back 10

1-6%

Front 11

What are the principle functions of eosinophils?

Back 11

Their principal functions include defense against parsitic infections. Eosinophils are also increased in some allergic disorders.

Eosinophils are phagocytic cells, like neurtophils, but they have a particular affinity for antigen-antibody complexes.

Front 12

Histologically, how can eosinophils be described?

Back 12

Histologically, these cells are characterized by specific granules that stain intensely red with the dye eosin. In addition, most eosinophils have a bilobed nucleus.

Front 13

Basophils represent what percent of circulating leukocytes?

Back 13

Least common

<1%

Front 14

Characterize basophils:

Back 14

They are characterized by the presence of dense, basophilic specific granules. The specific granules of basophils contain sulfated proteoglycans, heparin, histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Basophils and mast cells are derived from a common bone marrow precursor and their functions are similar, i.e. immunological defense. The release of histamine and other vasoactive substances in response to allergens and IgE is responsible for the "immediate hypersensitivy (anaphylactoid) reaction".

Front 15

Which leukocyte is the largest?

Back 15

Monocyte

Front 16

What percent of the blood leokocytes is circulating monocytes?

Back 16

2-10%

Front 17

What is the function of monocytes?

Back 17

Monocytes have little or no function while circulataing in the blood, but they are the precursors of tissue macrophages and osteoclasts.

Front 18

Histologically, how would you describe monocytes?

Back 18

Monocytes are characterized by a large eccentrically-placed nucleus, which often has a clearly visible indentation. Monocytes have "primary" granules, which are really lysosomes, but there are no specific granules in the cytoplasm. Thus, monocytes are classified as agranulocytes.

Front 19

What is the percent composition of leukocytes in blood cells?

Back 19

25-50%

Front 20

Histologically, how would you describe lymphocytes?

Back 20

characterized by a very small cytoplasm-nucleus ratio

Front 21

What are neutrophils also called?

Back 21

polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(PMNL)

Front 22

What percent composition do neutrophils make up leukocytes?

Back 22

40-75%

Front 23

How can neutrophils be easily identified histologically?

Back 23

Neutrophils are easy identified via their multi lobe nucleus

Front 24

How do neutrophils work?

Back 24

They are attracted by the presence of organisms(chemotaxis), particularly bacteria, and by C5a fraction of complement. Because of this, they provide the initial response to infection. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells, and their primary function is to kill ingested bacteria. Both primary and specific granules are essentially lysosomes. Specific granules contain proteolytic enzymes and primary granules are distinguised by the presence of peroxidases.

Front 25

Within neutrophils, specific granules contain __________ & primary granules contain ______________.

Back 25

Specific - Proteolytic Enzymes
Primary - peroxidases

Both are essentially lysosomes

Front 26

What do platelets not contain?

Back 26

A nucleus

Lacks many other organelles as well

Front 27

What is the major component of plasma?

Back 27

Water (~90%)

Front 28

What is the lifespan of:
RBC
Platelets
Granulocytes

Back 28

RBC - 120 Days
Platelets - 10 days
Granulocytes - <1 day

Front 29

How long does the monocyte circulate in blood before migrating to the tissues and differentiating?

Back 29

Within 1-3 days

Front 30

What is the term that describes the process of making RBCs?

Back 30

hematopoiesis

Front 31

What is the term that describes the process of making neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils?

Back 31

Granulopoiesis

Front 32

What is the term that describes the process of making monocytes/macrophages?

Back 32

Monocytopoiesis

Front 33

What is the term that describes the process of making platelets?

Back 33

Thromboposiesis

Front 34

Where is the location of hematopoiesis in adults?

Back 34

Bone marrow

Front 35

Before birth, where is the location for hematopoiesis?

Back 35

Initially in the yolk sac,

later in the fetal liver

Front 36

The current thought is that all blood cells originate from _______________________.

Back 36

Pluripotent stem cell

Front 37

After making the original step of differentiating from the pluripotent stem cell, what is the next step for T lymphocytes?

Back 37

The lymphoid precursors of T cells migrate to the thymus, where they proliferate and differentiate into mature T lymphocytes.

Front 38

After making the original step of differentiating from the pluripotent stem cell, what is the next step for RBC?

Back 38

Proerythroblasts are early cells committed to erythroid development. They are large cells with basophilic cytoplasm (many ribosomes) and pale euchromatic chromatin, and are very similar to blast cells of other lineages. As differentiation progresses, globin synthesis begins on free ribosomes and the chromatin in the nucleus starts to condense. After cell division ceases, the cell continues to accumulate hemoglobin and the nucleus becomes pyknotic (densely heterochromatic). The last stages of erythroid development are characterized by the loss of the nucleus and nearly all of the cell's organelles. The enucleated, nearly mature red cell is called a reticulocyte. It only differs from a mature red cell because it still contains some ribosomes and mitochondria, and hemoglobin is still being formed at this stage.

Front 39

After making the original step of differentiating from the pluripotent stem cell, what is the next step for basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils?

Back 39

B cells mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to secondary lymphatic tissues (lymph nodes etc.) where they carry out their functions.

Front 40

After making the original step of differentiating from the pluripotent stem cell, what is the next step for B cells?

Back 40

B cells mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to secondary lymphatic tissues (lymph nodes etc.) where they carry out their functions.

Front 41

What is an immature RBC called?

Back 41

reticulocyte

Front 42

Does a reticulocyte have a nucleus?

Back 42

No

Called reticulocytes due to the network of rRNA present

Front 43

What is the difference between a reticulocyte and a eurythrocyte?

Back 43

A reticulocyte still has:

ribosomes
mitochondria
hemoglobin

Front 44

What are colony stimulating factors?

Back 44

growth and other differentiation factors that increase the number of blood cells formed from progenitor cells. CSFs can stimulate the division of stem cells, their differentiation into blood cells, or both

Front 45

What is the basis of thrombopoiesis?

Back 45

Platelets (thrombocytes) are generated in the bone marrow by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of mature megakaryocytes (large, multinucleated cells within the bone marrow). The platelets then escape into the general circulation.

Front 46

What are the two components of bone marrow?

Back 46

Sinusoidal blood vessels

hematopoietic cords

Front 47

What is within the hematopoietic cords?

Back 47

The hematopoietic cords also contain reticular cells(fibroblast-like cells and macrophage) with extended cytoplasmic processes. These stromal cells provide support for the hematopoietic cells, secrete the extracellular matrix to which the hematopoietic cells are attached, and produce growth and differentiation factors. When the new blood cells have fully differentiated, they detach from the stromal matrix, squeeze through spaces between the endothelial cells and enter the circulation