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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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extrinsic back muscles (2)
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1. superficial back muscles
2. inermediate back muscles |
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superficial back muscles (4)
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1. trapezius
2. latissumus dorsi 3. rhomboids 4. levatar scapulae |
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trapezius (NFAR)
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N. spinal accesory
F. superior fibers- elevate scapula middle fibers- retract scapula inferior fibers-depress scapula sup/inf- superior rotation of scapula A. occipital bone, C7-T12 vert., lig. nuchae, clavicle, scapula-acromion/spine R. most superficial, upper back, posterior neck/shoulder |
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latissimus dorsi (NFAR)
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N. thoracodorsal
F. extends, adducts, medially rotates humerus A. T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 10-12, humerus- bicipital groove R. partially under trapezius, fan-shaped, mid/lateral region of back |
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rhomboids (NFAR)
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N. dorsal scapular
F. retracts and inferiorly rotated scapula A. lig. nuchae, C7-T5, scapula- middle border from spine to inferior angle R. deep to trapezius, inferior to lev. scapulae |
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levatar scapulae (NFAR)
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N. dorsal scapular
F. elevates and inferiorly rotates scapula A. C1-C4, scapula- superiomedial border R. deep to trapezius, superior to rhomboids |
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serratus posterior superior (NFA)
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N. T1-T3 intercostal
F. elevates ribs A. lig. nuchae, C7-T3, ribs 2-5 |
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serratus posterior inferior (NFA)
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N. T10-T12 intercostal
F. depresses ribs A. T11-L2, thoracolumbar fiscia, ribs 9-12 |
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intrinsic/deep back muscles, otherwise known as...
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paraspinals
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superficial layer of deep muscles (2)
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1. splenius capitis
2. splenius cervicis |
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inermediate layer of deep muscles (1)
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erector spinae
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deep layer of dep muscles (1)
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transversospinalis muscles
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splenius capitis (NFAR)
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N. dorsal rami
F. extend and laterally bend head A. lig. nuchae, C7-T4, mastoid process, occipital bone R. deep to trapezius, serratus posterior superior, thoracolumbar fascia |
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splenius cervicis (NFA)
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N. dorsal rami
F. extend and laterally bend head A. T3-T6 spinous processes, C1-C4 transverse processes |
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3 groups of erector spinae (where they are)
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1. iliocastalis-lateral
2. longissimus-middle 3. spinalis-medial |
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erector spinae (NFA)
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N. dorsal rami
F. extend column and head, laterally bend column A. cervical, thoracic, inferior lumbar vert., sacrum, iliac crest, ribs, mastoid process |
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4 groups of transversospinalis muscles
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1. semispinalis
2. multifidus 3. rotatores 4. interspinous/intertransverse |
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transversospinalis (NFA)
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N. dorsal rami
F. extension and lateral flexion of column, stabilize vertabrae, assist with extension/rotation A. transverse processes and spinous processes |
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tissue that covers deep muscles
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thoracolumbar fascia
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# of vertabrae, how many of each type?
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33; 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum (fused), 4 coccyx (fused)
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types of curvatures (4), where is the greatest degree of movement?
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flexion (cervical), extension (lumbar), rotation (thoracic), lateral bending (lumbar)
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abnormal lateral curvature
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scoliosis
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abormal thoracic curvature
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kyphosis
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Primary curvatures? Secondary Curvatures?
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thoracic and sacroccygeal.
cervical (holding up head) and lumbar (walking). |
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typical vertebra has.. (2)
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body, arch
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4 parts of vertebra arch
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spinous process, laminae, transverse process, pedicles
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parts of vertebrae that articulate with e/o
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superior and inferior articular process
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special features of cervical vertebra
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bifid spinous process, transverse foramen
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special features of thoracic vertebrae
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costal facets (rib pass by), demi facets (ribs stops here), spinous processes pointed inferiorly
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special features of lumbar vertebrae
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lack facets, quadrangular spinous process
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C1 vertebra
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atlas
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C2 vertebra
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axis
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C1 vertebra features
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no body, no spinous process, has anterior/posterior arches, transverse ligament, facet for dens
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C1 joint, function
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atlanto-occipital joint, head flexion/extension
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C2 features
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odontois process (dens) for atlas rotation, no intervertebral disc b/t C1 and C2
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C1/C2 joint
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median atlantoaxial joint
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parts of anterior sacrum (4)
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S1 body, ala, promontary, anterior sacral foramina (ventral rami)
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parts of posterior sacrum (3)
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sacral canal, sacral hiatus, posterior sacral foramina (dorsal rami)
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caudal anasthesia given through
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sacral hiatus
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L4 special feature
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lined up with iliac crest-identify spinous process . landmark for CSF sampling (no spinal cord here!)
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zygopophyseal (facet) joint type, location
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synovial joint, between articular processes
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synovial joint features (4)
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1. fibrous capsule
2. synovial membrane 3. synovial fluid 4. hyaline cartiladge |
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intervertebral joint type, location
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cartilaginous, b/t vert.
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intervertebral disc parts (2)
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anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulpolus
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what happens that results in herniated disc
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nucleus pulpolus herniates through anulus fibrosus affecting nearby nerves, roots
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intervertebral foramen house the..
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spinal nerves
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spinal canal houses the..
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spinal cord
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osteophytes
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bony growths that can narrow foramen, affecting nerves
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anterior longitudinal ligament: course, function
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runs on anterior surface, prevents hyperextension
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posterior longitudinal ligament: course, function
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runs on posterior surface, prevents hyperflexion
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ligamentum flavum: course, function
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unites adjacent laminae, preserves curvature
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supraspinous ligament: course, function
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runs on tips of spinous processes, stabilizes column
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interspinous ligament: course, function
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runs b/t spinous process, stabilizes column
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meninges (3)
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spinal cord layers:
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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spaces b/t meninges (3)
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1. epidural
2. subdural 3. subarachnoid |
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denticulate ligament: course, function, made of
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b/t dorsal/ventral roots, anchor spinal cord in dural sac, pia mater
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spinal cord end
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L2 vert.
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# spinal nerves, segments
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31; C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Co1
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spinal cord enlargements and what arises from them (2)
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1. cervical enlargement (brachial plexus)
2. lumbar enlargement (lumbosacral plexus) |
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which roots emerge above their vert.? which roots emerge below their vert.?
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C1-C7, C8 and T1-Co1
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spinal cord ends as the _____ which becomes the_________. these are surrounded by nerves called________
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conus medullaris,
filum terminale, cauda equina |
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end of dural sac
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S2
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end of filum terminale
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coccyx
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blood supply to spinal cord and where they are from (3)
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1. 1 anterior spinal artery (vertebral arteries)
2. 2 posterior spinal arteries (vertebral arteries) 3. radicular arteries (posterior intercostal arteries) |
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blood supply from spinal cord (2). general term
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1. 3 anterior spinal veins
2. 3 posterior spinal veins (internal vertebral venous plexus) |
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anatomical classification system-3 types of joints
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1. synovial
2. fibrous 3. cartilaganeous |
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spinal cord breaks into ______. these fuse into ______ which again break into __________
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dorsal/ventral root.
spinal nerve. dorsal/ventral rami |
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dorsal root contains
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sensory fibers
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ventral root contains
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motor fibers
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dorsal rami nerves innervate
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posterior 1/3 of soma
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ventral rami nerves inervate
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anterio-lateral 2/3 of soma
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