Anatomy -- Back

Front 1

what are the 5 vertebral areas of the back?

Back 1

cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, coccygeal

Front 2

in which vertebral area are ribs connected to the vertebrae?

Back 2

thoracic

Front 3

through which hole in the skull does the brain stem exit to become the spinal cord?

Back 3

foramen magnum

Front 4

to which joints does the vertebral column transfer body weight?

Back 4

sacroiliac joints

Front 5

what are the two elements of the pectoral girdle?

Back 5

scapulae and clavicles

Front 6

what are the 2 elements of the axial skeleton?

Back 6

skull, vertebrae

Front 7

what are the elements of the appendicular skeleton?

Back 7

upper and lower extremities, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle.

Front 8

what percentage of the length of vertebral column is composed of intervertebral discs?

Back 8

25%

Front 9

how many vertebrae are present in the cervical region?

Back 9

7

Front 10

how many vertebrae are present in the thoracic region?

Back 10

12

Front 11

how many vertebrae are present in the lumbar region?

Back 11

5

Front 12

how many vertebrae are present in the sacral region?

Back 12

5

Front 13

how many vertebrae are present in the coccygeal region?

Back 13

4

Front 14

which two regions of the veretbral column are fused?

Back 14

sacral and coccygeal

Front 15

in which 3 regions of the vertebral column does most of the motion occur?

Back 15

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

Front 16

at which two joints does movement between adjacent vertebrae take place?

Back 16

nuclei pulposus of intervertebral joints and zygapohyseal joints

Front 17

in which 2 vertebral regions are movements the freest?

Back 17

cervical and lumbar

Front 18

in which vertebral region is flexion the greatest? extension? lateral flexion?

Back 18

cervical; lumbar; lumbar

Front 19

which type of movement is most marked in the thoracic region?

Back 19

rotation

Front 20

which part of the vertebra provides strength in order to support weight of body?

Back 20

vertebral body

Front 21

which part of the vertebra is composed of the R and L pedicles as well as the laminae?

Back 21

vertebral arch

Front 22

which processes project superiorly and inferiorly to articulate with the same processes in vertabrae located superiorly and anteriorly? what is the name of the articulations formed?

Back 22

superior and inferior articulate processes; zygapophyseal joints

Front 23

which processes are locataed at the intersection of laminae and pendicles and are responsible for attachment of ribs in thoracic vertebral region?

Back 23

tranverse processes

Front 24

which processes project posteriorly from the vertebral arch?

Back 24

spinous processes

Front 25

which processes serve as levers to which muscles attach and move the vertebrae?

Back 25

transverse processes and spinous process

Front 26

what is the name for the large hole in the center of the vertebra?

Back 26

vertebral foramen

Front 27

the superior and inferior vertebral notches are found at the level of which vertebral structure? adjacent inferior and superior notches form what in the vertebral column?

Back 27

pendicles; intervertebral foramina

Front 28

which joint prevents the vertebrae from slipping anteriorly?

Back 28

zygapophyseal joints

Front 29

which vertebral area has a particularly large vertebral foramen to accomodate for innervation of upper extremities?

Back 29

cervical

Front 30

which vertebral area is characterized by transverse foramina? which vessels flow through these foramina?

Back 30

cervical; vertebral arteries

Front 31

what is another name for the large anterior tubercles of C6? for the spinous process of C7?

Back 31

carotid tubercles; vertebra prominens

Front 32

the lateral ends of which process in the cervical vertebral region terminate in inferior and superior tubercles?

Back 32

transverse process

Front 33

what is unique about the spinous processes on vertebrae C3-C5?

Back 33

they are bifid (split)

Front 34

what is the name for the processes on the vertebral bodies of C3-6 which can form bony spurs?

Back 34

uncinate processes

Front 35

the superior articular surfaces of which vertebra articulate with the occipital condyles to support the head?

Back 35

atlas (C1)

Front 36

which vertebra allows for nodding and has no body or spinous process?

Back 36

atlas (C1)

Front 37

which vertebra is designed to allow the head to shake from side to side?

Back 37

axis (C2)

Front 38

in which vertebra can one find the dens?

Back 38

axis (C2)

Front 39

which vertebral region is characterized by long sloping spinous processes?

Back 39

thoracic

Front 40

what is the reason the lumbar region has large vertebral bodies?

Back 40

to support the weight of the body.

Front 41

what is the purpose of the mamillary process on the posterior surface of the superior articular process in the lumbar vertebrae?

Back 41

to attach to muscles

Front 42

why is lumbar puncture easier in the lumbar vertebral region?

Back 42

because the spinous processes are shorter and stubbier, allowing for easier access.

Front 43

what is the name for the structure formed by the anterior edge of S1? for what purpose is this useful?

Back 43

sacral promontory; important obstetrical landmark

Front 44

which structure of the sacral vertebral region leads into the sacral canal and provides access to the epidural space?

Back 44

sacral haitus

Front 45

which structure represents the inferior articular process of S5 and acts as a palpable clinical guide to the sacral haitus?

Back 45

sacral cornua

Front 46

what are the two regions of the intervertebral discs?

Back 46

annulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

Front 47

what is the name for the ligament which attaches the lamina of two vertebrae? do they limit or encourage flexion?

Back 47

ligamenta flava; limit

Front 48

which ligaments attach two adjacent spinous processes?

Back 48

interspinous ligaments

Front 49

which ligament extends from the sacrum to C7 and runs along the spine posterior aspect of the spinous process?

Back 49

supraspinous process

Front 50

which ligament is responsible for connecting external occipital protuberance to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae?

Back 50

ligamentum nuchae

Front 51

which ligament is responsible for attaching the pia mater to the dura mater (it passes through the arachnoid mater) in the spinal column?

Back 51

denticulate ligament

Front 52

to what are the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments anterior and posterior?

Back 52

vertebral body

Front 53

where does the anterior longitudinal ligament begin? where does it end?

Back 53

occipital bone; anterior surface of sacrum

Front 54

which is stronger, the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament?

Back 54

anterior

Front 55

of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, which prevents hyperflexion? which prevents hyperextension?

Back 55

posterior; anterior

Front 56

which layer of intervertebral discs is characterized by lamellae of fibrocartilage?

Back 56

annulus fibrosis;

Front 57

which layer of intervertebral discs acts as a shock absorber? where are these discs the thickest?

Back 57

nucleus pulposus; in the lumbar region

Front 58

which type of cartilage can be found between the vertebral body and the intervertebral disc?

Back 58

hyaline

Front 59

in a herniated disc, which part of the intervertebral disc slips out? what is the most common location for this?

Back 59

nucleus pulposus; L4-5

Front 60

with which muscle does a synergist muscle work?

Back 60

agonist

Front 61

what is the role of fixating (stabilizing) synergists?

Back 61

to prevent or control movement at joints proximal to the moving joint thereby providing a fixed or stable base for movement.

Front 62

what is the role of neutralizing (counteracting) synergists?

Back 62

to prevent unwanted movements of the prime mover

Front 63

what are the two categories of extrinsic muscles? by what are extrinsic muscles innervated?

Back 63

superficial and intermediate; anterior rami of spinal nerve.

Front 64

what are the 5 superficial muscles of the back?

Back 64

latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator sacpulae, trapezius

Front 65

what are the two intermediate muscles of the back?

Back 65

serratus posterior superior, serratus posterios inferior

Front 66

by which nerves are the intrinsic muscles of the back innervated?

Back 66

posterior rami of the spinal nerves

Front 67

what are the two classifications of intrinsic back muscles?

Back 67

superficial and deep

Front 68

into what two layers is the superficial intrinsic group of back muscles divided? which muscle composes each?

Back 68

superficial and intermediate; superficial is splenius muscles in neck and upper thoras; intermediate is erector spinae in the trunk (3 layers)

Front 69

which 3 muscle groups compose the deep intrinsic back muscle group?

Back 69

transversospinalis, segmental, suboccipital groups

Front 70

the suboccipital triangle connects which 3 bones?

Back 70

occipital bone, axis, atlas.

Front 71

what is another name for superficial fascia?

Back 71

subcutaneous tissue

Front 72

1) interior angle
2) medial border
3) superior angle
4) superior border
5) spine
6) acromion process
7) lateral border

Back 72

what is the identity of each number (1-7) in this diagram?

Front 73

what it the name of the meninge directly bordering the spinal cord?

Back 73

pia mater

Front 74

what is the name of the space between the pia mater and arachnoid mater? what characterizes this space?

Back 74

subarachnoid space; it is filled with CSF

Front 75

what is the name of outermost meninge? what is located directly outside this later? directly inside?

Back 75

dura mater; epidural space; subdural space

Front 76

what is the name for the extension of pia mater that extends beyond the spinal cord?

Back 76

internal filum terminale

Front 77

1) transverse process
2) vertebral body
3) articulate process
4) spinous process
5) vertebral foramen
6) laminae
7) pendicles

Back 77

label each part (1-7) of this vertebra.

Front 78

A) inferior vertebral notch
B) superior vertebral notch
C) inferior articular process
D) superior articular process
E) spinous process
F) vertebral body

Back 78

label each part of this vertebra (A-F)

Front 79

the denticulate ligament separates which two structures?

Back 79

dorsal root and ventral root

Front 80

what is the name for the inferior end of the spinal cord? at which vertebral level does this normally occur?

Back 80

conus medullaris; L2

Front 81

at which vertebral level is the inferior limit of the dural sac?

Back 81

S2

Front 82

1) erector spinae
2) levator scapulae
3) latissimus dorsi
4) splenius capitis
5) minor rhomboid
6) major rhomboid

Back 82

label each of the muscles in the image

Front 83

which nerve innervates the trapezius?

Back 83

accessory nerve

Front 84

where are the 3 facets for rib attachment on thoracic vertebrae?

Back 84

transverse facet on transverse process, superior and posterior demi-facets on vertebral body.

Front 85

which arteries supply the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal regions with blood?

Back 85

vertebral arteries, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries, lateral sacral arteries

Front 86

what is unique about the veins which drain the vertebrae?

Back 86

they do not have valves and thus allow metastasis of cancer cells via retrograde flow to veins.

Front 87

in which vertebral regions are the primary curvatures? are these curvatures concave posteriorly or anteriorly? what is the cause of these curvatures?

Back 87

thoracic and sacral; anteriorly; differences in height between the anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae.

Front 88

in whcih vertebral regions are the secondary curvatures? are these curvatures concave posteriorly or anteriorly? what is the cause of these curvatures?

Back 88

cervical and lumbas; posteriorly; difference in thickness between the anterior and posterior parts of intervertabral discs.

Front 89

at which vertebral position is the center of gravity?

Back 89

just anterior to S2

Front 90

what is the name for an abnormal increase in thoracic curvature?

Back 90

kyphosis

Front 91

what spinal vertebral region is affected by lordosis?

Back 91

lumbar