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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general function, movement , and components of the back?
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Back function: Support bodys weight, transmits forces through the pelvis to the lower limbs, carry and postion the head, and brace and help maneuver the upper limbs, Movement: Extrinsic muscles - move the upper limbs and ribs, Intrinsic muscles - maintain posture and move the vertebral column, flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation
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What curves develop in the fetus?
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Primary curve - Thoracic and sacral
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What curves are used to keep the head up?
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Secondary curve - cervical and lumbar
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Which curve is an exaggerated thoracic curve?
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Kyphosis
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What curve is an exaggerated lumbar curve
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Lordosis
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What curve is sideways?
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Scoliosis
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what are the distinguishing characteristics of the thoracic vertebra?
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1. demifacet - articulation w/head of rib, 2. facet for articulation with tubercle of rib, 3. superior facets = posterior + lateral
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what are the distinguishing characteristics of the cervical vertebra?
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1. transverse foraminia - vertebral artery does not traverse foramen at C7, 2. superior facets are nearly horizontal, 3. spinous process - bifid, 4. C7 vertebra prominens
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what are the distinguishing characteristics of the lumbar vertebra?
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1. large and broad, 2. superior facets = posterior + medial, 3. includes mamillary process
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how many sacral vertebare fused into sone single bone?
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5 sacral vertebrae fused to make the sacrum
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how many coccygeal vertebrae fused to make the coccyx?
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4 coccygeal vertebrae fuse to make coccyx
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What level is the vertebra prominens?
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Spinous process of C7
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What level is the spine of scapula?
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T3
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What level is the inferior angle of the scapula?
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T7
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What level is the 12th rib?
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T12
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What lvl is the iliac crest?
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L4
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What is the distinguishing feature on the lateral mass of a cervical vertebrae?
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Transverse foramen run along the side of the cervical column
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What are the two parts of the intervertebral disc?
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Anulus fibrosis + nucleus pulposis
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what are the joints located between vertbral arches called?
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zygapophysial joints - synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjaceent vertebrae. Cervical region - zygapophysial joints slope inferiorly from anteior to posterior, Thoracic region - joints are oritented vertically and limit flexion and extension, but facilitate rotation, Lumbar region - joint surfaces are curved and adjacent processes interlock, thus limiting range of movement
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where are the uncovertebral joints located?
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Uncovertebral joints (aka joints of luschka) - lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips.
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Where is the ligamentum flavum located?
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It connects the back side of the cord
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Where do the supraspinous ligament connect?
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Connects the spinous processes
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Where do the interspinous ligaments connect?
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Connects spinous processes to spinous processes on the inside
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Where do the intertransversus ligaments connect?
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It connects the transverse processes together
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Which ligament has a serrated appearance?
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
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Which ligament decides what direction the herniation goes?
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Posterior longitudinal ligament is serrated thus it is strong enough to make the herniation go to the side not the mid-line
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What is the function of ligamentum nuchae?
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Anchors back of skull and muscles attach to them
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What is the first joint in the cervical spine?
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Atlanto-occipital articulation
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What type of joint is a rounded surface that has a depression? Type of movement?
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Condyloid synovial joint on atlas (c1) = Yes no movment (flexion/extension)
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What is it called for C1 on C2
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Atlanto-axial articulation
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What is unique about the C2?
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Dens + No vertebral body
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What type of joint is the C2-> S1 superior articular facet of atlas?
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Zygopophyseal joint = Plane synovial joint - flat joint that allows sliding upon each other
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What type of joint is the anterior articular surface of the dens?
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Pivot joint = no movement
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What ligament forms a cross on the posterior side of dens?
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Cruciform ligament
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What part of the cruciform ligement prevents the dens from subluxating into the spinal cord?
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Transverse ligaments of the cruciform ligament
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What ligament is connected diagonally to the dens?
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Alar ligament - alar is wings
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What ligamnet is injured in hyperextension injury of the cervical spince?
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Anterior longitudinal ligament is stretched
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What ligment prevent excessive rotation?
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Alar ligament (aka check ligament) - prevents excessive rotation of the head
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C2-C6 vertebral bodies have what type of joint?
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Unco-vertebral joints (aka joints of luschka)
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What is abnormal bone growth in the spine called?
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Spondylophyte/osteophyte
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What nerve goes through the intervetebral foramen?
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Spinal nerve- if its pinched you get loss of sensation and motor function
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what are the different parts of scotty dog? Eye? Ear and Tail? Front and back leg? Nose? Collar?
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Eye = Pedicle, Ear and Tail = Superior processes, Front and back leg = Inferior processes, Nose = Transverse process, Collar = Pars interarticularis
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What is the fracture called of a pars interarticularis
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Spondylolysis
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What is displacement of the vertebral column called?
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spondylolysthesis
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What is the innervation of the Skin on the back?
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Posterior rami of the spinal nerve
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What is the only bony attachment for the scapula to the body?
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Scapula attaches to the clavicle- every other attachment is a muscle
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What is the Blood supply of levator scapulae and rhomboids?
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Deep branch of Transverse cervical artery
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What is the blood supply of the trapezius?
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Superficial branch of transverse cervical artery
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What is the 3 borders of triangle of auscultation?
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Trapizius + Top of lattisiumus + rhomboid major
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What is the 3 borders of the lumbar triangle?
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Latissimus dorsi + Top of iliac crest + External abdominal oblique
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What is it called when there is a hernia in the lumbar triangle?
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Petit's Hernia (aka inferior lumbar hernia) - weakness in the muscle wall
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Trapizius - Innervation? Function? Proximal attachment? Distal attachment?
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Trapizius - Inervation: CN XI + C3,C4 (proprioception), Function: Upper fibers (Elevation), ABduction above horizontal, Middle fibers (Adduction - retraction of scapula), Lower fibers depress scapula, Proximal attachment: superior nuchal line -> T12, Distal attachment: superior nuchal line -> spine of scapula
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Latissimus Dorsi - Innervation? Function? Proximal attachment? Distal attachment?
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Latissimus Dorsi - Innervation: Thoracodorsal n. (C6-C8), Function: Extends, Adducts, medially rotates humerus, Proximal attachment: Iliac crest + T7-L5, Distal attachment: Humerus -> intertubercular groove an onterior side
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Levator scapulae - Innervation? Function? Proximal attachment? Distal attachment?
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Levator scapulae - Innervation: C3-C4 + dorsal scapular n (C4,C5), Function: Elevates scapula, Proximal attachment: Transverse process of C1-C4, Distal attachment: Upper portion medial border of scapula
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Rhomboids major/minor - Innervation? Function?
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Rhomboids - Innervation: Dorsal Scapular n (C4,C5), Function: Retracts (ADducts + elevates scapula),
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serratus posterior superior/inferior - Innervation? Function?
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Serratus posterior superior: Innervation: T1-T3 anterior rami, Function elevate ribs, Serratus posterior inferior: Innervation: T11-T12 anterior rami, Function: depresses ribs
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What makes a sleeve for the deep back muscle?
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Thoracolumbar fascia
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Where does the thoracolumbar fascia start and end?
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Starts at sacrum and ends at neck
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What muscle groups does thoracolumbar fascia invest?
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Begins on spine and runs out latearally and makes as a tube that runs around the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum
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What are the layers of deep back muscles between the spinous and transverse processes?
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1. Semispinalis, 2. Multifidus, 3. Rotatores
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What is the innervation of deep back muscles?
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Posterior rami
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How do you define the rotation of a vertebral segment?
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Relative to the body of the vertebra
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What direction is the fibers of trapezius and splenius go relative to each other?
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They are perpendicular to each other
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Which parts of the body do spinalis attach to?
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Spine to spine - does not run to any transverse processes
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What parts of the body do longissimus attach to?
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Transverse processes - no the spinous process - in the skull regoin it attaches to the mastoid process
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What muscle is lateral to spinalis?
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Longissimus
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What muscle to medial to the longissimus?
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Spinalis
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What erector spinae muscle is most lateral?
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iliocostalis
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What muscle groups contribute to type 1 somatic dysfunction?
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Erector spinal muscle - side bends thus it automatically rotates away
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Which transversospinal muscle is found in the thoracic region? How many vertebrae does it span?
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Rotatores - thoracic region - transverse process to spine - goes 1 or 2 segments -
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Fucntion - proprioception
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Which transversospinal muscle is best found in the lumbar regoin and how many vertebrae does it span?
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Multifidus - Lumbar regoin - 2-4 segments
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Which transverospinal muscle is best found in the cervical region? And how many vertebrae does it span?
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Semi-spinalis - runs all the way up and down the column - 4-6 regoins
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What is the action of the multifidus?
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One side = rotates to contralateral
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If one side contracts?
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Both sides = extensions
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If both sides contract?
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What is the last attachment of splenius cervicis?
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Spine of C2
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What are the attachments of Interspinalis ?
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Conenctes spine to spine only one segment!!
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What is the difference between interspinalis vs semi-spinalis?
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Interspinalis only goes one segement. Semi-spinalis is more then one
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How many segments does Intertransversarii span?
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Only spans one segment
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What is the function of levator costarum?
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Lifting up the ribs in breathing
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What muscles are a modification of the intertarnsversaarii?
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Levator costarum
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What muscles are responsible for type 2 somatic dysfunctions?
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Intertransversarri b/c its attached to the transverse processes
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What muscle runs from transverse process of the atlas to C2 transverse process?
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Obliquus capitis inferior
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What never innervates the suboccipital muscles?
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Posterior rami of C1
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What two things go through the suboccipital triangle?
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Suboccipital nerve + Vertebral artery
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What transverse foramen does the vertebral artery skip?
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C7
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What 3 muscles make up the suboccipital triangle
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1. Rectus capitis posterior major
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1. Obliqqus capitis major
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1. Obliqus capits minor
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Where is the Central nervous system located?
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Brain and spinal cord
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Where is the Peripheral nervous system located?
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Everything else - outside of the brain and spinal cord
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What consists of the central nervous system?
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Brain and spinal cord
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What are the 3 types of neurons
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1. Bipolar neurons, 2. Pseudo-unipolar - most common - inside the ganglia, 3. Multi-polar (aka stallate) neurons - two or more dendritic processes
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What is the general rule for pseudounipolar neurons?
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Sensory - hot/cold touch proprioception
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Always located in ganglia (collection of neurons in the periphery)
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What is white matter?
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Myelinated axons are white matter
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What is gray matter?
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Nucleus of the neuron
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What is a syanpse?
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Place where the neurons talk to each other
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What is a ganglion?
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Cluster of neurons outside of the NS
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What is a Nucleus?
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Cluster of neurons inside the NS
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What is a tract?
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CNS - bundle of axons
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What is a root, rami, nerves?
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Peripheral NS - bundle of axons
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What is the relay of information from periphery to CNS called?
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Afferent - sensory neurons
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What is the relay of information away from the CNS to periphery called?
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Efferent - motor neurons
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What are the Special sences?
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Special sensess - sight, hearing , taste, smell
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What are the General sensces?
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Everthing else - hot, cold, touch, muscle, etc
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What are the Somatic sences?
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Everthing else - skeletal muscle, skin,
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What are the Visceral sences?
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Smooth muscle + glands + erictor pilli (goose bumps)
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What is the first thing a spinal nerve is composed of right out of the spinal cord?
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rootelet
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Which rami innervates the epimere?
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Posterior rami
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Which rami innervates the hypomere?
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Anterior rami
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Which plate is sensory?
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Alar plate
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Which plate is motor?
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Basal plate
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What is the function of GSE fibers?
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Motor
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What type of neuron is GSE fibers?
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Multi-polar neurons
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What is the location of the GSE fibers?
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Anterior horn - basal plate
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What is the function of GSA?
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Sensory information
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What neurons do they GSA fibers use?
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Posterior ganglion - pseudounipolar cells
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What happens if u cut the Posterior root?
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Sensory loss
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What happens if you cut the Anterior root?
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Motor loss
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What happens if u cut the Spinal nerve?
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Loss of sensory and motor dermotomal + myotomal loss of motor function
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What happens if you cut the Posterior rami?
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Loss of back muscle fucntion + dermotomal sensory loss
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What happens if you cut the Cutaneous nerve?
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Just Dermatomal loss
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What innervations do the motor branches contain?
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1. GSE - Innervates skeeltal muscle, 2. GSA - gives rise to sensory receptors in muscle, 3. GVE/GVA - sympathetics innervate smooth muscle in blood vessels
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What inneravation do the cutaneous branches contain?
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1. GSA - gives rise sensory receptor in the skin, 2. GVE/GVA - sympthathesics innervate smooth muscle in blood vessels, glands and arrector pili muscles
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In the adult at what lvl dose the spinal cord end?
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L2
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Each spinal cord segment makes how many spinal nerves?
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One
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How many segments are there?
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31
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Where are the places of spinal cord enlargements?
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Cervical + lumbar enlargement
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In the cervical region relative to the cervical vertebrae where do the spinal roots come out of?
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On top - heavenlly 7 - C8 comes out below C7 vertebra
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What directions do the nerves come out in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar?
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1. Cervical - comes out lateral, 2. Thoracic - diagonal, 3. Lumbar - comes out really diagnally down
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What are the nerves that come down below the conus medularis called?
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Cauda equina
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Herniation between L4-L5. which nerve is affected?
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L5 is affected b/c L4 is hugging the pedicle and L5 nerve root is getting hit
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If herniation between C5-C6 what nerve is affected
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The C6 is affected
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What are the consequence of having the cauda equina?
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Disc herniation's that can screw up the nerve
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What happens if the C6 nerve root is being pinched. Which disc is herniating?
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thus its disc between C5-C6
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If you crush your L2 VERTEBRAL BODY What lvls of the spinal cord are affected?
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Cx1
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If you crush your L1 VERTEBRAL BODY what lvls get affected?
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Sacrum
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If you crush your T12 VERTEBRAL BODY what lvls get affected?
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Lower lumbar part of spinal cord
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What is the blood supply to the bone called?
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Nutrient vessels
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What veins drain the spinal cord?
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Spinal veins
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What veins drain the canal?
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Internal venous plexus
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What veins drain the vertebral body?
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Basivertebral veins
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What veins drain the outside of the spinal cord
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External spinal venous plexus
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How did the prostate cancer go from the prostate to the vertebral column
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Metastasis of prostate cancer. Occurs in the batson's plexus b/c there is no valves
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Where do u sample the CSF?
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Subarachnoid space + Go thru the dura and arachnoid +L3-L4
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What covers the spinal nerves?
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All spinal nerves have covering of dura
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What lvl does the dural sac end at?
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S2
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What space is a potential space in the spinal cord that can accumulate puss?
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Sub-dural space - between the dura and arachnoid
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Where does the CSF accumulate in the lumbar region?
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Lumbar cistern - place where the lumbar tap needle goes
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Where else can you pull off CSF?
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In the cervical region
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What ligaments do you go through for a lumbar puncture?
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1. Interspinous ligaments, 2. Supraspinous ligaments, 3. Not ligamentum flavum b/c there is a slit in it
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What does the denticulate ligaments do?
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Attaches down the spinal cord to the dura
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What is the second extension of the pia mater?
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Filum terminale - is a file filament of pia and connective tissue that descends from the conus medularis
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Spinal blocks where does the anesthetic go?
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Subarachnoid space
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Epidural block where does the anesthetic go?
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Outside the dura
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