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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are two other names for joint in the human body?
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articulations, arthroses
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what are the 3 functions of joints?
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differential growth, transmission of forces, movement
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what is another term for fixed joints? What are the two categories of fixed joints?
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synarthroses; fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints
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what is another term for moveable joints? What is the name for the joints in this group?
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diarthroses; synovial joints
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most joints in the extremities are of which variety?
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synovial
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what kind of joint is a suture joint? Give an example.
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fibrous joint; sutures of skull
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what kind of joint is a syndesmoses joint? Give an example.
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fibrous joint; distal tibiofibular joint
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what kind of joint is a gomphosis joint? Give an example.
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fibrous joint; teeth in aveolar process
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what kind of joint is a synchondroses joint? Give an example.
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cartilaginous joint; epiphyseal plate
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what kind of joint is a symphyses joint? Give an example.
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cartilaginous joint; symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs
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what kind of joint is a pivot (trochoid) joint? Give an example.
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MONAXIAL synovial joint; atlantoaxial and proximal radioulnar
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what kind of joint is a plane (gliding) joint? Give an example.
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MONAXIAL synovial joint; intercarpal and intertarsal joint
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what kind of joint is a hinge (ginglymus) joint? Give an example.
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MONAXIAL synovial joint; interphalyngeal and humeroulnar
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what kind of joint is a saddle joint? Give an example.
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BIAXIAL synovial joint; carpometacarpal joint of thumb
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what kind of joint is a condylar joint? Give an example.
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BIAXIAL synovial joint; radiocarpal, metacarpophalyngeal
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what kind of joint is a ball-and-socket joint? Give an example.
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MULTIAXIAL synovial joint; shoulder and hip joint
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what type of substance unites the bones in fibrous joints? In cartilaginous joints?
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CT, cartilage
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sutures of the skull ossify to become what?
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synostose
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in syndesmoses, what hold together bones?
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fibrous cord or interosseus ligament
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gomphoses connect teeth in maxillar and mandible by which type of fiber?
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collagenous ligaments
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in which plane of the body are symphyses normally located?
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median
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what kind of tissue connects bone in symphyses?
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ligaments, hyaline, fibrocartilage
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what is the name for the hyaline cartilage found in synovial joints?
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articular cartilage
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the articular capsule is composed of how many membranes?
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two
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what are the names of the two membranes of the articular capsule? Which is harder?
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fibrous membrane and synovial membrane; fibrous membrane
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the fluid filling a synovial joint is called what? By which structure is it produced?
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synovial fluid; synovial membrane
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what is the name for the cavity which is filled with synovial fluid?
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articular cavity
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ligaments in synovial joints serve what purpose?
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prevent excessive or abnormal movement in the joint
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what are the two categories of ligaments in synovial joints (give both names for each)? Which is in charge of providing support to fibrous membrane?
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capsular (intrinsic) and accesory (extrinsic); capsular (intrinsic)
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what are the two categories or extrinsic (accessory) ligaments in synovial joints?
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extracapsular and intracapsular
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what does Hilton's law state regarding innervation of joints?
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nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles that move that joint.
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when are nerves in joint stimulated?
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when the capsule becomes taut due to extremes of movement
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which part of the joint relays sensory information via nerves?
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fibrous membrane and ligaments
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by which structure are synovial joints vascularized?
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subsynovial plexuses
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what are articular discs and menisci?
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fibrocartilage that attaches to the fibrous capsule and divides the joint cavity
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what is the labrum in a synovial joint?
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fibrocartilage annular rim which serves to deepen the socket of ball and socket articulations
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fat pads serve what role in synovial joints?
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fill recesses
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what is a bursa?
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synovial membrane located beyond the fibrous membrane of the capsule and situated in places where friction is likely to develop
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along which three axes can movement occur in synovial joints?
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coronal plane, sagittal plane, and longitudinal axis
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movement in coronal place is also called what? Sagittal plane? Longitudinal axis?
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abduction/adduction; flexion/extension; internal/external rotation
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circumduction is the combination of which 4 movements?
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flexsion, extension, adduction, abduction
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what determines how many axes of rotation a joint will allow?
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the shape of the joint
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do ligaments limit the normal range of a motion for a joint?
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no, they do resist excessive of abnormal movement
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the extent of movement at a given joint depends on which two muscles?
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agonist and synergist
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which two classes of mechanicl levers are most prevalent in the body?
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1st (EFR) and 3rd (FER)
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which packing of joints, loose or close, exposes joints to trauma?
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close
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which joints are in close-packing positions when standing to maintain erect posture without huge E expenditure?
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knee and hip
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is there more or less congruence of articular surfaces in loose than close packed joints? Does this increase or decrease friction?
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less; decrease
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which part of a joint does a sprain involve? Is there any dislocation involved?
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ligament; no
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what occurs in a strain?
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ligaments are stretched but not torn
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what is a subluxation?
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lax, stretched ligaments
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what is a joint dislocation?
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when the ligaments are torn and the bone displaced
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which ligamentous feature is always seen in a hinge joint?
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2 collateral ligaments.
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what is eccentric contraction of a muscle?
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when a muscle lengthens upon contraction
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