Anatomy And Physiology Test #1

Front 1

Anatomy is the study of the ____________ of body parts and their relationship to one another.

Back 1

structure

Front 2

Physiology- function; study of how body parts ___________ and carry out activities.

Back 2

work

Front 3

Gross anatomy (macroscopic)

Back 3

study of large structures visible with the naked eye, such as the heart, kidneys, bones, and the liver.

Front 4

______________ anatomy focuses on the anatomy of one particular area. For example, if we were studying the arm, we would study the bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in that area.

Back 4

Regional

Front 5

Study of individual organ systems. For example, when we study the nervous system, we'll learn about the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Back 5

Systemic Anatomy

Front 6

_______________ anatomy- study of general form and superficial markings.

Back 6

Surface

Front 7

Study of structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye

Back 7

Microscopic anatomy

Front 8

Cytology

Back 8

Study of cells

Front 9

Histology

Back 9

study of tissues, such as connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Front 10

Developmental anatomy

Back 10

covers changes that occur over time; main division is embryology

Front 11

Medical/____________________ Anatomy

Back 11

Pathological anatomy- changes in the body during illness

Front 12

_____________ Anatomy- study of internal structures using x-ray, CT scans, and MRIs

Back 12

Radiographic

Front 13

Systemic and Special Physiology

Back 13

Study of the function of a particular organ or organ system (kidneys, neurophysiology, cardiophysilogy , respiratory physiology)

Front 14

Cell physiology

Back 14

study of the functions of cells

Front 15

Pathological Physiology

Back 15

study of the effects of disease on the body

Front 16

Structure and function are _______________. A fork, given it's form, is meant for stabbing, while a knife with a single edge is for cutting.

Back 16

interdependent

Front 17

Complementarity of structure and function

Back 17

what a structure can do depends on its form

Front 18

Chemical (______________) level- atoms join together to form molecules, such as water, proteins, and sugars

Back 18

Molecular (molecules join together to form organelles)

Front 19

Cellular Level- __________________ join together to corm cells

Back 19

Organelles

Front 20

___________ Level- Groups of cells that have a common function join together to form epithelium, muscle _________ , connective __________, and nervous _____________

Back 20

Tissue

Front 21

__________________ Level- different types of tissues work together to form an ____________.

Back 21

Organ

Front 22

Organ Systems

Back 22

Groups of organs that work together (the heart and blood vessels work together to move blood throughout the body)

Front 23

Organism Level

Back 23

All the organ systems work together to maintain the organism

Front 24

Maintaining ___________________- internal and external boundaries are separated

Back 24

Boundaries

Front 25

What structure provides the boundary for the entire body?

Back 25

Skin

Front 26

____________________________- Motion of the whole body or part of the body, ____________ of substances through the body, and _____________________ of cells and organs.

Back 26

Movement

Front 27

Responsiveness (________________________ or excitability)- ability of the body to detect and respond to changes in the environment (stimuli' stimulus is singular)

Back 27

Irritability

Front 28

Digestion– breaking down of food into ___________________ ________________________

examples: carbs being broken down into sugar

Back 28

useable nutrients

Front 29

________________________ – sum of all chemicalprocesses in the body

Back 29

Metabolism

Front 30

Catabolism – breaking something down from _________________to simple (ex: breakdown of proteins into amino acids)

Back 30

complex

Front 31

_______________________ – building up from simple tocomplex

1. Joiningof amino acids to form proteins

Back 31

Anabolism

Front 32

Cellular Respiration

Back 32

using nutrients and oxygen to produce energy

Front 33

Excretion

Back 33

removal of waste from the body (urination, defecation, vomiting, sneezing, breathing)

Front 34

Reproduction

Back 34

formation of new cells or production of a new individual

Front 35

Growth

Back 35

increase in size of body or organism

Front 36

Nutrients

Back 36

Taken in by diet and include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals

Front 37

Oxygen

Back 37

Many chemical reactions in the body require oxygen and water

Front 38

We are __ to ___ % water

Back 38

60% to 80% (provides environment for chemical reactions and provides fluid base for excretions)

Front 39

Normal body temperature is ______

Back 39

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celcius

Front 40

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 40

Force that air puts on the body (helps with breathing and gas exchange on the blood)

Front 41

Homeostasis

Back 41

Defined as the existence and maintenance of a stable internal environment in an ever changing external environment

Front 42

Receptor

Back 42

sensor that detects changes in the environment

Front 43

Control Center (brain)

Back 43

Receives and processes information, makes a "decision", then sends out commands

Front 44

Effector

Back 44

carries out the commands sent out by the control center

Front 45

Mechanisms

Back 45

negative and positive feedback loops

Front 46

_______________ Feedback- action of the effector shuts off the original stimulus when normal conditions return

Back 46

Negative

Front 47

_____________ Feedback- action of the effector increases the intensity of the original stimulus

Back 47

Positive

Front 48

Equilibrium

Back 48

opposing forces are in balance

Front 49

Body temp

Back 49

amount of heat generated is equal to the amount of heat lost

Front 50

Disorder

Back 50

any abnormality of structure of function

Front 51

Disease

Back 51

more specific term for illness characterized by signs and symptoms

Front 52

Symptoms

Back 52

Subjective changes in body functions ; not observable (headache, nausea, anxiety)

Front 53

Signs

Back 53

objective, measurable changes (high BP, fever, swelling)

Front 54

Humans have ______ different types of cells

Back 54

250

Front 55

Humans have up to 100 ______ cells

Back 55

trillion

Front 56

Cells are the basic _______________ and functional unit of a living organism

Back 56

structural

Front 57

Activity of cells depends on their ____________

Back 57

structure

Front 58

Continuity of life depends on cellular _________________

Back 58

reproduction

Front 59

All cells have 3 basic components

Back 59

cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Front 60

Cell (or plasma membrane) membrane

Back 60

outside wall of the cell

Front 61

The cell membranes 4 functions

Back 61

1. Separates cell's internal from external environment

2. Regulates flow of materials in and out of the cell

3. Maintains appropriate internal environment

4. Plays important role in communication both with other cells and with the external environment

Front 62

The cell membrane is made of _________________

Back 62

a lipid bilayer/ double layer of fats

Front 63

Membrane proteins

Back 63

proteins embedded ion the membrane

Front 64

Membrane protein function A

Back 64

Form pores or holes for ions and transports molecules in or out of the cell

Front 65

Membrane protein function B

Back 65

Act as receptors so molecules can bind to the cell

Front 66

Membrane protein function C

Back 66

Provide support within a cell

Front 67

Membrane protein function D

Back 67

Help start or speed up reactions (enzymes)

Front 68

Membrane Protein Function E

Back 68

Join cells together

Front 69

Cell Identity

Back 69

Help cells recognize one another

Front 70

Cytoplasm

Back 70

consists of all contents of a cell between plasma membrane and nucleus

Front 71

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Back 71

fluid portion of cytoplasm (made of water, has dissolved and suspended components, site of chemical reactions)

Front 72

Organelles

Back 72

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions

Front 73

Mitochondria

Back 73

the power plant of the cell

Front 74

Ribosomes

Back 74

make proteins

Front 75

Inclusions

Back 75

chemical substances that vary according to the cell type (lipid droplets in fat cells, pigment in skin cells, and glycogen in the liver and muscles)

Front 76

Nucleus

Back 76

control center for cell functions

Front 77

Epithelial Tissue

Back 77

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms glands (skin, inside of kidneys)

Front 78

Connective tissue

Back 78

protects and supports the body, binds organs together, and stores energy

Front 79

Muscle tissue

Back 79

generates force to move the body structures (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle that forms the walls of hollow organs- esophagus, intestines)

Front 80

Nervous Tissue

Back 80

carries messages from one part of the body to another (brain, spinal corn, nerves)

Front 81

Epithelia

Back 81

layer or layers of cells that cover or line something

Front 82

Glands

Back 82

structures that produce fluid secretions (sweat glands)

Front 83

Epithelial tissues have ___ characteristics

Back 83

5

Front 84

Polarity

Back 84

2 distinct surfaces

Front 85

Exposed surface that faces the exterior of the body or an internal surface (inside of the stomach)

Back 85

Apical surface

Front 86

Base- attached to the tissue underneath

Back 86

called the Basal Surface

Front 87

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

Back 87

make up the basement membrane

Front 88

Cellularity

Back 88

composed of cells that are bound tightly together; other tissues often have a lot of space between cells

Front 89

Attachment

Back 89

bound to the basement membrane which holds it to the connective tissue underneath that provides support

Front 90

Avascularity

Back 90

lack blood vessels, but is innervated

Front 91

Avascular tissue receives oxygen by ____________ or absorption from surrounding tissue

Back 91

diffusion

Front 92

Epithelial functions

Back 92

1. physical protections

2. absorption

3. filtration

4. excretion

5. provide sensation

gland cells produce secretions

Front 93

Epithelial cells have _____________________

Back 93

microvilli- fingerlike projections that increase surface-area (digestive and urinary tracts)

Front 94

Intracellular connections

Back 94

cells of epithelium are firmly attached to each other and the basal lamina

Front 95

Tight Junction

Back 95

Two cell membranes are held together by interlocking membrane proteins (impermeable)

Front 96

Gap junction

Back 96

Two cells are held together by connexons (channel proteins, allow movement between cells)

Front 97

Desmosome

Back 97

Two cells are connected by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that form a zipper

Front 98

Simple epithelium

Back 98

composed of a single layer

Front 99

stratified epithelium

Back 99

consists of two or more layers, usually stacked on top of one another

Front 100

Squamous cells

Back 100

Are very flat

Front 101

Cuboidal cells

Back 101

Are box shaped

Front 102

Columnar cells are

Back 102

Tall and slender

Front 103

Simple squamous epithelium

Back 103

Very thin and delicate (includes pericardium, pluera, and peritoneum)

Front 104

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(high stress, mouth, skin, esophagus)

Back 104

Front 105

Simple Cuboidal

Back 105

Front 106

Stratified cuboidal (found in the sweat glands)

Back 106

Front 107

Transitional epithelium (stretches; bladder, urethra)

Back 107

Front 108

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 108

Found in the stomach, intestines, and gallbladder

(secretions protect the stomach and intestines from chemicals)

Front 109

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (appears to have several layers/different levels of nuclei; secretes mucus to trap foreign particles)

Back 109

Front 110

stratified columnar epithelium (found in the pharynx, salivary glands, and epiglottis)

Back 110

Front 111

Glandular epithelium

Back 111

Front 112

Endocrine Glands

Back 112

Release secretions into the interstitial space between cells (secrete hormones)

Front 113

Exocrine Glands

Back 113

(release secretions onto a surface through a duct (sweat glands, tear glands, mammary glands) (mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile (liver) and digestive enzymes (pancreas)

Front 114

Unicellular Glands

Back 114

Single cells that secrete mucous

Front 115

Goblet cells

Back 115

Trachea, intestines

Front 116

Connective Tissue

Back 116

Binds/Supports- bone & cartilage

Protects Organs- Bone & Cartilage

Insulates- Fat

Stores Energy- Fat

Front 117

Loose connective tissue

Back 117

fibers are loosely intertwined, many cells present

Front 118

Dense Connective tissue

Back 118

more fibers and fewer cells than loose

Front 119

Cartilage

Back 119

Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in ground substance

Front 120

Bone

Back 120

Osteocytes and extracellular matrix

Front 121

Fibroblasts

Back 121

Always present. Secrete proteins that help hold epithelial cells together and form extracellular fibers

Front 122

Chrondoblasts

Back 122

Found in cartilage

Front 123

Osteoblasts

Back 123

Found in bone

Front 124

Mast cells

Back 124

Produce histamine as part of inflammatory response

Front 125

Macrophages

Back 125

"Big Eater". Part of the immune system that engulf pathogens and damaged cells

Front 126

Collagen Fibers

Back 126

Long and straight. Protein fibers that wrap around each other like rope. Flexible, and strong

Front 127

Tendons

Back 127

Connect muscle to bone

Front 128

Ligaments

Back 128

Connect bone to bone

Front 129

Reticular Fibers (network)

Back 129

Intertwining framework that resist force and stabilize blood vessels in organs

Front 130

Elastic fibers

Back 130

Can stretch and recoil to their original length

Front 131

Ground substance

Back 131

fills the spaces between cells and surround connective tissue fibers (clear and viscous)

Front 132

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 132

fill spaces, provide cushioning for organs, support blood vessels, nerves, and epithelial tissue

Front 133

Areolar Tissue

Back 133

Very open structure and viscous ground substance (shock absorber, layer under skin, gives oxygen and nutrients to epithelial tissue)

Front 134

Adipose

Back 134

Shock absorption, stores energy

Front 135

Reticular Tissue

Back 135

Provides support for spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, filters/removes old red blood cells

Front 136

Dense regular connective Tissue

Back 136

collagen fibers are lined up parallel to each other and packed tightly together (tendons and ligaments)

Front 137

Dense irregular connective tissue

Back 137

Fibers are close together, but aren't arranged in a pattern (form a sheath around bone and cartilage (periosteum, pericardium) (encloses kidneys, liver, and spleen)

Front 138

Chondrocytes occupy

Back 138

Lacunae

Front 139

Cartilage is separated from other tissue by

Back 139

Perichondrium

Front 140

Hyaline cartilage

Back 140

Most common. Found at junctions between ribs and sternum, trachea, ends of bones that form joints.

Front 141

Elastic cartilage

Back 141

Has a lot of elastic fibers. (forms ear, larynx, epiglottis)

Front 142

Fibrocartilage

Back 142

Very little ground substance. Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee)