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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cardiovascular system consist of the...
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...heart, blood vessels, and the blood.
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Heart
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A muscular organ located behind the sternum, roughly the size of a closed fist, functioning to pump blood throughout the body.
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The heart lays in the...
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...mediastinum, the space between the lungs. Roughly two-thirds of the heart mass is on the left side of the human body.
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myocardium
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Heart muscle
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Pericardium/pericardial sac
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A thick fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart.
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serous pericardium
List layers |
The inner membrane of the pericardium. Consist of two layers the visceral layer and the parietal layer.
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The viceral layer
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One of the two layers of pericardium. Lies closely against the heart and is also called the epicardium.
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The parietal layer
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One of the two layers of pericardium. Separated from the visceral by a small amount of pericardial fluid that reduces friction within the pericardial sac.
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What separates the two atria?
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A membrane, the interatrial septum.
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What separates the two ventricles?
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Intraventricular septum
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Blood enters the right atrium via the...
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...superior venae cavae and the coronary sunus.
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Coronary sinus
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Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart.
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Where does the left atrium receive blood from?
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The four pulmonary veins.
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Tricuspid valve
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Atrioventricular valve separating the right atrium from the right ventricle.
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Mitral valve
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Atrioventricular valve separating the left atrium from the left ventricle. Also known as bicuspid valve.
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The atrioventricular valve consist of cusps,...
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papillary muscles attaching the ventricles and sending small muscular strads called chordae tendineae cordis. When the papillary muscles contracts, these strands tighten, preventing regurgitation of blood through the valves from the ventricles to the atria.
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Pulmonic valve
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Semilunar valve which regulate blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
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Aortic valve
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Semilunar valve which regulat blood flow from left ventricle to the aorta.
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Blood flow through the heart
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Superior and inferior vena cava--->Right atrium--->Tricuspid valve--->Right ventricle--->Pulmonary semilunar valve--->Pulmonary trunk--->Pulmonary arteries--->Lung Tissue--->Pulmonary Veins--->Left atruim--->Mitral/bicuspid valve--->Lt ventricle---->aortic valve---->aorta (body)
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Heart sounds
S1 and S2 |
A series of "lub-DUB, lub DUB, lub-DUB-like" sounds that are heard when listening to the heart.The first, termed S1("lub"), results from sudden closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular contraction. The second normally louder heart sound S2 ("DUB"), is caused by closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves at end of systole. Both S1 and S2 are normal and should always be present.
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Abnormal sound of the heart S3
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The third and fourth heart sounds are abnormal. An S3 is soft and low-pitched, if present, it occurs about one third of the way through ventricular relaxation. The leads the heart to sound like "lub-DUB-da." The da sound is rapid ventricular filling due to inrush of blood. An s# is sometimes present in young, healthy persons. In the majority of individuals it indicates left atrial filling pressure due to heart failure.
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Abnormal sound of the heart S4
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The third and fourth heart sounds are abnormal. S4 occurs prior to S1. It is moderately pitched and causes the heart cycle to sound like "bla-lub-DUB." An S4 is almost always abnormal and results either from increased atrial pressure or decreased compliance of the left ventricle.
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List the four other abnormal heart sounds.
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Murmurs, bruit, clicks, and snaps
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Abnormal heart sounds:Murmurs
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Indicate chaotic blood flow within the heart and cause a "whooshing" sound. Many murmurs are benign and go away with age. Sever types indicate heart disease.
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Abnormal heart sounds:Bruit
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A "whooshing" sound that indicate chaotic blood flow in a major blood vessel. Hardening of the arteries often causes bruits.
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Abnormal heart sounds:Click and snaps
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Caused by abnormal heart valve function. These sounds are brief and may be intermittent, making them difficult to hear.
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conduction system of the heart
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A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue.
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List the six parts of the conduction system of the heart
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Sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node, the bundle of His, the right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.
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SA node
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The sinoatrial node is located high in the right atrium and is the normal site of origin of the electrical impulse. It is the heart's natural pacemaker. Impulses originating in the SA node travel through the right and left atria, resulting in atrial contraction.
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AV node
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Impulses from the SA node travel to the atrioventricular node, located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum, where it transiently slows.
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bundle of His
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Electric impulse from the AV node travel to the bundle of His, which is a continuation of the AV node. From here it proceeds rapidly to the right and left bundle branches, stimulating the intraventricular septum, the impulse spreads out to the Purkinje finbers, to the left, then the right ventrcular myocardium, resulting in ventricular contraction or systole.
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excitability
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The ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses.
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conductivity
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The ability of cells to conduct electrical impulses.
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intrinsic automaticity
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Cardiac cells posses an ability to generate an impulse to contract even when there is no external nerve stimulus.
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Chronotropin state
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The heart's rate of contraction.
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Dromotropic state
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The heart's rate of conduction
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Inotropic state
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The heart's strength of contraction.
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Regulation of the heart is monitor by what?
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The brain, via the autonomic nervous system, the endocrine system, and the heart tissue.
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Chemoreceptors detect
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Chemical changes in the blood.
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Baroreceptors sense
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The pressure of the blood in the heart and arteries.
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Sympathetic stimulation
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The sympathetic stimulation has two potential effects. alpha, or beta effect. Alpha effects occur when alpha receptors are stimulated resulting in vasoconstriction. Beta effects occur when beta receptors are stimulated, resulting in in crease inotopic, dromotropic, and chronotropic states.
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Three main electrolytes/ions for cells in the body:
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Sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+)
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The concentration of ________ is greater inside the cell, whereas the concentration of ________ is greater outside the cell.
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potassium
sodium |
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sodium potassium pump
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A molecular (ion-transporting) mechanism whereby sodium is actively moved out of a cell and potassium moved in.
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Electrical potential
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An electrical charge difference that is created by the difference in sodium and potassium concentration across the cell membrane at any given instant. Measure in millivolts
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polarized state
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The state of a resting cell, which normally has a net negative charge in with respect to the outside of the cell.
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depolarization
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The process of electrical discharge and flow of electrical activity from a cell.
In depth it is explain as such: When the myocardial cell receives a stimulus from the conduction system, the permeability of the cell wall changes and sodium rushes in, while calcium slowly moves in. All this cause the cell to become more positive. The resulting exchange of ions generate an electrical current. The rapid influx of sodium and slow influx of calcium continue, causing the cell to continue to become positively charged, eventually achieving a slightly positive electrical potential. |
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repolarization
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The process of returning to the cardiac cells' resting or polarized state that occurs once the cardiac cells depolarize.
In depth: At this point the inside of the cell return to a negative charge. Repolarization begins with sodium entering the cells slow down and positively charged potassium ions begin to flow out of the cells. Following the efflux of potassium, sodium is actively pumped out of the cells, and potassium is pumped back in. Calcium is returned to storage sites in the cells. The cell regains polarized state and resting length. |
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absolute refractory period
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Early phase of repolarization, in which the cells have such a large concentration of ions that it cannot be stimulated to depolarize.
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relative refractory period
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The latter phase of repolarization, the cells are able to respond to stronger-than-normal stimulus to depolarize.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG
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A graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
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P wave
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First wave, movement of the electrical impulse through the atria that results in atrial contration.
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P-R segment
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Delay or flat line between the end of the P wave and beginning of the QRS complex. Normally less than 0.2 seconds.
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QRS complex
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Depolarization of the ventricles. Consist of ventricular contraction, or systole. The spread of electrical impulse through the ventricular tissue.
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ST segment
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Repolarization of the heart beginning. Delay or flat line from the end of QRS to beginning of T wave.
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T wave
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follows the QRS and represents completion of repolarization.
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cardiac cycle
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The pumping process begins with the onset of myocardial contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction.
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systole
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The pumping of blood into the systemic and pulmonary circulation during ventricular contraction.
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Afterload
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The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood. The greater the afterload, the harder it is for the ventricle to eject blood into the aorta, reducing stroke volume.
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113
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stroke volume
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The amount of blood ejected per contraction.
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113
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cardiac output
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The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute, express in liters per minute. HR x stroke volume.
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113
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Starling's law
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If muscle is stetched slightly, prior to stimulating it to contract, it will contract harder. So, if the heart is stretched it will contract harder.
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114
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ejection fraction
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The amount of blood returning to the right atrium may bar somewhat from minute to minute, yet the normal heart continues to pump out the same percentage of blood returned. If more blood returns to the heart, the stretched heart pumps harder rather than allowing blood to back up into the veins.
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114
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