Anatomy And Physiology Of The Circulatory System Ii 11/14

Front 1

where does the pulmonary vascular system begin?

where does it end?

what kind of system is this?

Back 1

begins: at the pulmonary trunk

ends: at the left atrium

low pressure system

Front 2

where does the systemic vascular system begin?

where does it end?

what kind of system is this?

Back 2

being: aorta

ends: right atrium

high pressure system

Front 3

both systems are composed of

Back 3

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

Front 4

arteries carry blood

Back 4

away from the heart

Front 5

arterioles play a major role in what? they are called what?

Back 5

distribution and regulation of blood pressure

resistance vessels

Front 6

gas exchange in the lungs is referred to as

Back 6

external respiration

Front 7

gas exchange at the tissue level is referred to as

Back 7

internal respiration

Front 8

venules and veins do what? what are they referred to as?

Back 8

carry blood back to the heart

capacitance vessels

Front 9

capacitance vessels can hold what?

Back 9

large volumes of blood with little pressure changes

Front 10

about how much of the body's total blood volume is contained within the venous system?

Back 10

~60%

Front 11

pulmonary arterioles and most of the arterioles of the systemic circulation are controlled by what nervous system?

Back 11

sympathetic nervous system

Front 12

vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata controls what?

Back 12

sympathetic impulses to the vascular system

Front 13

vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata sends what kind of signals resulting in what?

Back 13

continuous signals to the vessels

resulting in moderate vasoconstriction (vasomotor tone)

Front 14

the vasomotor center coordinates vasoconstriction/dilation by controlling the

Back 14

number of sympathetic impuses sent

Front 15

increase of sympathetic impulses causes what

Back 15

vasoconstriciton

Front 16

decrease of sympathetic impulses causes what

Back 16

vasodilation

Front 17

sympathetic stimulation in the arterioles of the heart, brain and skeletal muscle causes what?

Back 17

vasodilation

Front 18

what regulates BP in response to signals sent from arterial baroreceptors

Back 18

vasomotor center and cardiac centers in the medulla oblongata

Front 19

specialized stretch receptors or baroreceptors are located

Back 19

in the walls of the carotid arteries and the aorta

Front 20

walls of the carotid sinuses are

Back 20

thin

contain large numbers of nerve endings sensitive to stretch

Front 21

afferent fibers from the carotid sinuses travel with the

Back 21

glossopharyngeal nerve to the medulla

Front 22

afferent fibers from the aortic arch travel with the

Back 22

vagus nerve to the medulla

Front 23

if BP is low, neural impulses transmitted from the baroreceptors to the medulla are

Back 23

decreased

Front 24

decreased neural impulses transmitted from the baroreceptors to the medulla causes the medulla to

Back 24

increase sympathetic activity

Front 25

an increase in sympathetic activity results in (3) (2 heart, 1 vessels)

Back 25

increase in heart rate

increase myocardial force of contraction

increase arterial and venous constriction

Front 26

baroreceptor reflex functions as short term regulators of

Back 26

blood pressure

Front 27

the baroreceptor reflex responds instantly to

Back 27

any blood pressure changes

Front 28

if blood pressure changes persist for more than a few days, baroreceptors will

Back 28

accept the new BP as normal

Front 29

other baroreceptors are located in

Back 29

large arteries

veins

pulmonary vessels

cardiac walls

Front 30

multiple baroreceptors allow for

Back 30

greater control of systemic blood pressure

Front 31

systolic pressure is the

Back 31

maximum pressure generated during ventricular contraction

(ventricular systole)

Front 32

diastolic pressure is the

Back 32

lowest pressure in the arteries prior to the next ventricular contraction (ventricular diastole)

Front 33

systolic and diastolic pressure are measured by

Back 33

blood pressure cuff and manometer

Front 34

normal systolic and diastolic pressures of the systemic system

Back 34

120/80

Front 35

normal systolic and diastolic pressures of the pulmonary system

Back 35

25/8

Front 36

mean pressure pulmonary artery is about

Back 36

15 mmHg

Front 37

driving pressure of pulmonary circulation is about

Back 37

10 mmHg

Front 38

systemic mean aortic pressure is about

Back 38

100 mmHg

Front 39

systemic driving pressure is about

Back 39

98 mmHg

Front 40

mean pressure in the right atrium is about

Back 40

2 mmHg

Front 41

pulse is the

Back 41

expansion/recoil of arterial walls due to pressure changes

Front 42

pulse can be palpated where

Back 42

in several arteries that are close to the skin's surface

Front 43

stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood

Back 43

ejected from the ventricle during each contraction (one squeeze)

Front 44

normal values of stroke volume is about

Back 44

40-80 ml

Front 45

cardiac output (CO) is the

Back 45

total volume of blood discharged from the ventricles per minute

Front 46

Cardiac output equation

Back 46

CO = SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)

Front 47

cardiac output directly influences

Back 47

blood pressure

Front 48

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

Back 48

MAP = (systolic + (2xdiastolic))/3

Front 49

pulse pressure is the difference between

Back 49

systolic and diastolic pressure

Front 50

pulse pressure is effected by (2)

Back 50

SV (stroke volume) and vascular compliance

Front 51

decrease in SV =

Back 51

decrease in pulse pressure

Front 52

stroke volume is determined by

Back 52

ventricular preload

ventricular afterload

myocardial contractility

Front 53

ventricular preload is the

Back 53

degree of myocardial fiber strech prior to ventricular contraction

Front 54

within limits, increase in myocardial fiber stretch equals

Back 54

increase strength of contraction

Front 55

ventricular preload is reflected in

Back 55

ventricular end diastolic pressure (VEDP)

Front 56

ventricular afterload is the force

Back 56

against which the ventricles must work to pump blood

Front 57

ventricular afterload is determined by (3)

Back 57

volume and viscosity of blood ejected

peripheral vascular resistance

total cross-sectional area of the vascular bed into which the blood is ejected

Front 58

what reflects afterload?

Back 58

arterial blood pressure

Front 59

increase in blood pressure had what affect on blood flow

Back 59

increase in resistance to blood flow

Front 60

BP =

Back 60

BP = CO (cardiac output) x SVR (systemic vascular resistance)

Front 61

myocardial contractility is the force generated by the myocardium when the ventricular muscle fibers what

Back 61

shorten

Front 62

increase in contractility causes an increase in these two things

Back 62

cardiac output

positive inotropism (muscle contraction)

Front 63

no single measurement defines

Back 63

contractility

Front 64

circulatory resistance equation, systemic vascular resistance=

Back 64

SVR = BP/CO

Front 65

increase in vascular resistance causes an increase in what

Back 65

blood pressure

Front 66

what are the two types of mechanisms that can change resistance in pulmonary circulation?

Back 66

active or passive mechanisms

Front 67

Mean pressure in the left atrium

Back 67

~ 5mmHg