Anatomy And Physiology Of Slp Exam 2

Front 1

fundamental frequency happens at

Back 1

vocal folds

Front 2

fundamental frequency is

Back 2

number of vibrations, not number of times vocal folds open and close

Front 3

five layers of tissue of vocal folds

Back 3

-thyroarytanoid muscle

-squamous epithelium

-superficial lamina propria

-intermediate lamina propria

-deep lamina propria

Front 4

vocal fold treatment

Back 4

sensitive to external and internal environment; smoke, dry tissue harmful, give fluid etc.

Front 5

structure of the larynx

Back 5

musculo-cartilaginous structure, top of the trachea, adjacent to cervical vertebrae 4-6

Front 6

average length of larynx

Back 6

males- 44mm

females- 36mm

Front 7

subglottal

Back 7

area below vocal folds

Front 8

Bernoulli effect

Back 8

pressure decreases, velocity increases

Front 9

biological functions of the larynx

Back 9

produces phonation, expells foreign matter, permits holding of breath

Front 10

valleculae and swallowing

Back 10

little valleys formed by the membrane between tongue and epiglottis, food goes during normal swallow

Front 11

aditus laryngis

Back 11

entry to the larynx from the pharynx

Front 12

glottis

Back 12

space between the two vocal folds

Front 13

laryngeal ventricle

Back 13

area between true and false vocal cords

Front 14

vestibule

Back 14

cavity under epiglottis that produces mucus

Front 15

larynx composed of three unpaired cartilages

Back 15

-cricoid cartilage

-thyroid cartilage

-epiglottis

Front 16

intrinsic vs. extrinsic muscles

Back 16

-intrinsic: abductors, adductors, tensors, relaxors

-extrinsic: elevation and depression

Front 17

cuneiform cartilages

Back 17

small cartilges embedded within the aryapiglottic folds; above and anterior to corniculate cartilages

Front 18

movement of the cartilages

Back 18

changes length of vocal cords, which changes pitch; cricoid cartilage biggest changer of pitch

Front 19

cricoid cartilage rocks inwards

Back 19

vocal fold abduction; can also glide and rotate

Front 20

laryngectomy

Back 20

surgical removal of the larynx; voicing source for speech is lost; must breathe through tracheostoma

Front 21

intrinsic laryngeal muscles: about

Back 21

-muscles that have both origin and insertion on laryngeal muscles

-major functions: open, close, tense, relax vocal folds

Front 22

intrinsic laryngeal muscles: adductors

Back 22

-lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

-oblique arytenoid muscle

-transverse arytenoid muscle

Front 23

intrinsic laryngeal muscles: abductor

Back 23

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Front 24

cricoarytenoid muscle

Back 24

movement- rocking and gliding

Front 25

cricothyroid muscle

Back 25

glottal tensor; depresses thyroid; major adjustment for pitch; rocks thyroid and cricoid closer together to stretch vocal cords

Front 26

cricothyroid muscle's two heads

Back 26

pars recta and pars oblique

Front 27

thyrovocalis muscle

Back 27

glottal tensor; contraction tenses the vocal folds, draws thyroid and cricoid cartilages apart, antagonist to cricothyroid

Front 28

thyromuscularis muscle

Back 28

relaxor; relaxes the vocal cords

Front 29

intrinsic muscles: how many

Back 29

7

Front 30

vocal hyperfunction

Back 30

excessibe adductory force (ex. yelling), requires behavioral change

Front 31

auxiliary musculature

Back 31

-thyroepiglottic muscle

-superior thyroarytenoid muscle

-aryepiglottic muscle

Front 32

aryepiglottic muscle

Back 32

assists in protecting airway during swallowing; helps move epiglottis

Front 33

intrinsic muscle activity

Back 33

more fine movements

Front 34

extrinsic muscles of the larynx

Back 34

muscles that have one attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure; elevate or depress larynx, gross adjustments, important in swallowing

Front 35

4 major types of extrinsic muscles

Back 35

-hyoid elevators

-hyoid depressors

-laryngeal elevators

-laryngeal depressors

Front 36

hyoid and laryngeal elevators (8)

Back 36

-digastricus muscle

-stylohyoid muscle

-mylohyoid muscle

-geniohyoid muscle

-hyoglossus muscle

-genioglossus muscle

-thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles of the inferior constrictor

Front 37

digastricus muscle

Back 37

two "bellies", anterior and posterior; converge on hyoid bone at intermediate tendon; together draw hyoid up

Front 38

anterior digastricus muscle

Back 38

draws hyoid up and forward

Front 39

posterior digastricus muscle

Back 39

draws hyoid up and back

Front 40

stylohyoid muscle

Back 40

from styloid process to temporal bone; elevates and retracts hyoid bone (near posterior digastricus muscle)

Front 41

mylohyoid muscle

Back 41

from mandible to corpus hyoid; elevates and moves hyoid forward, or depresses mandible

Front 42

geniohyoid muscle

Back 42

superior to mylohyoid, parallel to anterior digastricus muscle, elevates hyoid and draws it forward

Front 43

hyoglossus muscle

Back 43

from greater cornu of hyoid to side of the tongue; lingual depressor or hyoid elevator

Front 44

genioglossus muscle

Back 44

muscle of tongue, hyoid elevator

Front 45

thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles

Back 45

elevate larynx, contract

Front 46

hyoid and laryngeal depressors (4)

Back 46

-sternohyoid muscle

-omohyoid muscle

-sternothyroid muscle

-thyrohyoid muscle

Front 47

sternohyoid muscle

Back 47

from sternum to hyoid, depresses hyoid

Front 48

omohyoid muscle

Back 48

two bellies; superior terminates on hyoid and inferior on scapula, joined at intermediate tendon; depresses hyoid bone and larynx

Front 49

sternothyroid muscle

Back 49

depresses thyroig cartilage

Front 50

thyrohyoid muscle

Back 50

from thyroid to hyoid, depresses hyoid or raises larynx

Front 51

elevation of the tongue does this

Back 51

elevates larynx, increases tension of cricothyroid; keeps articulatory system from driving phonatory mechanism

Front 52

most important function of larynx

Back 52

protecting foreign objects from entering lungs

Front 53

larynx does

Back 53

coughing, throat clearing, abdominal fixation (stabilizes torse for lifting, etc.)

Front 54

phonation is

Back 54

the product of vibrating vocal folds within larynx

Front 55

vocal folds open and close

Back 55

inferiorly to superiorly

Front 56

phonation works through an interaction of

Back 56

subglottic pressure, tissue elasticity, and constriction within the airflow caused by the vocal folds produces sustained phonation

Front 57

attack

Back 57

process of bringing vocal folds together

Front 58

types of vocal attack

Back 58

-simultaneous vocal attack

-breathy vocal attack

-glottal attack

Front 59

in all types of attack, _______ is a constant

Back 59

adduction

Front 60

ventricular phonation

Back 60

clients sometimes use it as an adaptive response to severe vocal fold dysfunction; deep and raspy phonation

Front 61

vocal fold nodules

Back 61

develop from continued vocal fold abuse; continued abuse with breathy vice, unilateral or bilateral

Front 62

sustained phonation depends on

Back 62

-maintenance of larngeal posture through sustained contraction of musculature

-flow
-vocal fold approximation

Front 63

vocal registers

Back 63

differences in modes of vibration for phonation

-modal register

-glottal fry register

-falsetto

Front 64

modal register

Back 64

used in daily conversation, most important for SLP

Front 65

fundamental frequency

Back 65

primary frequency of vocal folds, harmonics are whole-number multiples of the fundamental; help us tell vowels apart; at level of glottis

Front 66

amount of water displaced in modal phonation

Back 66

3-5cm

Front 67

glottal fry register

Back 67

-crackly voice quality, rough or low in pitch, may indicate respiratory illness

Front 68

falsetto

Back 68

-highest register of phonation; vocal folds very thin, requires increased tension

Front 69

breathy phonation

Back 69

variation of modal vibration; vocal folds inadequately approximated, hoarse

Front 70

pressed phonation

Back 70

medial compression greatly increased, harsh quality and vocal abuse, may increase volume

Front 71

whispering

Back 71

tensing vocal fold margins while holding the vocal folds in a partially adducted position

Front 72

pitch

Back 72

physiological correlate of frequency; important element in speech perception; poor control can affect interactions with people

Front 73

frequency

Back 73

number of cycles of vibration per second

Front 74

optimal pitch

Back 74

frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vocal cords, varies with gender and age

Front 75

optimal pitch for females

Back 75

~212Hz

Front 76

optimal pitch for males

Back 76

~132Hz

Front 77

optimal pitch for children

Back 77

~300Hz

Front 78

habitual pitch

Back 78

pitch frequently used by a person; effort to sustain phonation causes vocal fatigue if habitual pitch is not at optimum

Front 79

pitch range

Back 79

range of fundamental frequency for an individual; reduced by pathology and increased through vocal training; usually two octives

Front 80

pitch-changing mechanism

Back 80

comes from stretching and tensing vocal folds; using cricothyroid and thyrovocalis muscles

Front 81

respiratory system will respond to increased vocal fold tension with

Back 81

increased subglottal pressure

Front 82

intensity and intensity change

Back 82

loudness; increase by increasing subglottal pressure

Front 83

stages of cycle vibration

Back 83

-opening stage

-closing stage

-closed stage

Front 84

frequency perturbation (vocal jitter)

Back 84

cycle by cycle variation in fundamental frequency of vibration: 1-2%=low amount

Front 85

elements of prosody

Back 85

-pitch

-intonation

-loudness

-stress

-duration

-rhythm

-dysarthria (motor speech disorder) affects this

Front 86

oscillation controlled by

Back 86

-elasticity

-stiffness

-inertia (body in motion tends to stay in motion)

Front 87

simultaneous vocal attack

Back 87

phonation initiated through simultaneous vocal fold adduction and expiration (ex. "zany")

Front 88

breathy vocal attack

Back 88

phonation by initiation expiration before adduction of the vocal folds (ex. "Harry")

Front 89

glottal attack

Back 89

phonatory onset that occurs with the adduction of the vocal folds before onset of expiration (ex. "onion")

Front 90

mastication

Back 90

chewing process

Front 91

deglutition

Back 91

swallowing the food

Front 92

dysphagia

Back 92

problems with swallowing

Front 93

rooting reflex

Back 93

infant turns toward tactile stimulation and opens mouth

Front 94

swallow pattern of neonate

Back 94

velum locks into space between epiglottis and tongue, can breathe while swallowing

Front 95

how infants differ from adult structures

Back 95

oral cavity smaller, larynx elevated, velum larger, hyoid elevated and forward, no dentition

Front 96

dentition

Back 96

begins erupting around 6 months, blocks anterior protrusion of tongue and supports retraction of tongue when swallowing (adult swallow)

Front 97

stages of mastication and deglutition

Back 97

1. oral preparatory stage

2. oral stage

3. pharyngeal stage

4. esophageal stage

Front 98

oral preparatory stage

Back 98

food prepared for swallowing; seal lips, food ground up by lingual muscles and muscles of mastication, mixed with saliva

Front 99

deficits of oral preparatory stage

Back 99

food pocketing, difficulty compressing, food excaping, poor mixing, inadequately chewed, etc.

Front 100

oral stage

Back 100

bolus pushed back toward oropharynx by the tongue; mandibular and tongue muscles

Front 101

deficits in the oral stage

Back 101

center around sensory and motor dysfunction; swallow initiation, epiglottis not covering

Front 102

pharyngeal stage

Back 102

begins when bolus reaches faucucal pillars, is propelled through pharynx to relaxed esophageal sphincter; food passes over epiglottis

Front 103

deficits of the pharyngeal stage

Back 103

sensory and motor deficits dangerous; slowed velar elevation, reduced sensation/function, failure of hyoid and thyroid to elevate

Front 104

esophageal stage

Back 104

final stage of mastication and deglutition, purely reflexive, peristaltic movement, food enters stomach

Front 105

deficits of esophageal stage

Back 105

not directly treated by SLP

-GERD, hiatal hernia, esophageal stenosis

Front 106

eating criteria

Back 106

-eating should be pleasant

-food should be palatable

-stages of swallowing must be supported

Front 107

sensations associated with mastication and deglutition

Back 107

-gustation (taste)

-tactile

-thermal

-pressure

Front 108

olfaction

Back 108

sense of smell, plays vital role in appetite and taste

Front 109

mechanoreceptors

Back 109

touch receptors

Front 110

vocal shimmer

Back 110

frequent change in amplitude (loudness) of voice

Front 111

salivation

Back 111

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Front 112

chewing reflex

Back 112

triggered by deep pressure on roof of mouth; rotary motion of mandible

Front 113

uvular (palatal) reflex

Back 113

similar to gag reflex

Front 114

gag (pharyngeal) reflex

Back 114

helps avoid aversive stimuli, elicited by tactile stimulation or taste; pharynx elevates and constricts

Front 115

retching

Back 115

involuntary attempt at vomiting

Front 116

vomiting

Back 116

oral expulsion of gastrointestinal contents

Front 117

pain reflex in mouth

Back 117

response to swallow or expectorate excessively hot or spicy food

Front 118

causes of respiration

Back 118

-inadequate oxygenation in the blood

-increased carbon dioxide in the blood

-increased acidity