Anatomy And Physiology Lab And Lecture 101 Week 1

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

study of form or structure

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physiology

Back 2

study of body structures

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homeostasis

Back 3

ability to maintain relatively stable internal environment regardless of external environment(within very narrow ranges, is active)

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boundary maintenance

Back 4

in the mainteinace of life a characteriestic of living organisms so the internal environment remians distinct from the external environment. both at cell and organism level.

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positive feedback loop

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self amplifying the response enhances the original stimulus+accelerates the activity ie birthing process

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negative feedback loop

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(most common) the output of system decreases the input(original stimulus) into the system. works to maintain homeostasis ie blood glucose

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atom

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the smallest unit of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element; atoms form molecules in a compound

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molecule

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two or more atoms bonded together

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ion

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an electically charged atom

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acid

Back 10

release hydrogen ions (H)
1-6

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base

Back 11

release hydoxide ions (OH)
8-14

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pH

Back 12

the measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
1-14

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amino acid

Back 13

building block of proteins; the end product of protien digestion

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peptide bond

Back 14

a group of four covalently bonded atoms that links two amino acides in a protien or othe pepetide

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monosaccharide

Back 15

a simple sugar or sugar monomer (glucose, fructose galactose)

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polysaccharide

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a ploymer of simple sugars (glycogen, starch and cellulose)

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fatty acid

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organic molecule of even # of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other (triglycerides and phospholipids)

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triglyceride

Back 18

a lipid composed of three fatty acids joined to a glycerol

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DNA(deoxyribose nucleic acid)

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a very large nucleotide polymer that carries the genes of a cell

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ATP (adenosine tri phosphate)

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functions as a universal energy transfer molecule

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Neutral atom

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has no overall electrical charge # of positive charges = # of negative charges

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Ion

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electrically charged atom

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cation

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positive charge ion(loses electrons)

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anion

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negative charged (gains electrons)

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atomic mass

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sum of number of protons + number of neutrons
AM=P+N

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atomic number

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number of protons
number of protons=number of electrons

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OCTET RULE

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in order for an atom to be chemicatlly stable there needs to be eight electrons in its outer most orbital

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molecule

Back 28

two or more atoms bonded together

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compound

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two or more different atoms (elements) are bonded

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inorganic comounds

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made of non-carbon elements (periodic table)

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organic compounds

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uses carbon as the mjor structural element

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covalent bonding

Back 32

sharing of electrons between atoms

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Polar covalent bonding

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unequal sharing of electrons (enables to disolve in H20)

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ionic bonding

Back 34

atrraction of oppositely charged atoms

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hydrogen bonding

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formed by ionic attraction of hydrogen ion and a negative charge on anothe molecule ie wate and salt

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carbohydrates

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(C,H,O)
ratio of H to O is always 2-1
structural unit (monomer) is monosaccharide
function quick energy
(starch, sugar, glucose)

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Proteins

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(CHON)
structural unit-amino acids(20)
function-enzymes(regulate chmical reaction quicker slower release engergy, hormones(messengers) building materials
special bond between amino group and caboxyl group=peptide bond

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lipids

Back 38

C,H,O
structural unit=fatty acids(fat)
saturated fats=all single hydrogen bonds (bad for health, animal fat)
saturated fats=one or more double bonds(good for you)plant oil;
function=sorage of large quantities of energy,steriods

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nucleic acids

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A,T,C,G
structural units=nucleotide
function=genetic codes, protein senthesis
ATP special energy unit for all reactions

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pH scale

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range is 1-14
acid=1-6 base=8-14neutral=7
acids release hydrogen ions H
bases release hydroxide ions OH
buffer is a substance that reis changes in the pH

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solution

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made of two components
solute-substance that is dissolved (salt)
solvent-substances which dissolves the solute(water)

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colloids

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are solutions which have solutes taht are large and will notpast through membranes : gelatin,proteins

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suspensions

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solutes are very large; too heavy to remain suspened(eventually affected by gravity) : blood

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decomposition

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whan a large molecul is broken into smaller units (digestion)

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synthesis

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when small molecules are linked together forming large molecules (making proteins)

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exchange reactions

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AB = CD = AC + BD
molecules exchange atom pairs

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gross anatomy

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study of large body structures
surface_internal body structures as recognized from the overlying skin
regions-all structures in one area
systemic-11 organ systems

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microscopic anatomy

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cytology-study of cells
histology-study of tissues

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developmental anatomy

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changes in structure from conception to old age

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pathologic anatomy

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strutural changes caused by disease

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molecular anatomy

Back 51

study of structure and function of biological molecues

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radiographic anatomy

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study of internal structures by means of x-ray images

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intumentary

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structure & functionof skin

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muscular

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actions of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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neural

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working of the nervous system

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renal

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urine productin and kidney functin

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cardiovascular

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operation of hte heart(circulatory) and respiratory system

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Principle of complementarity of structure and funcion

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function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

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structural organization

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from simplest to most complex
Atom(chemical)-molecule-macromolecules-organelle-cell(simplest form of life)-tissue(group of cells working together=sponge)-organ(group of tissue working together=worm)-organ system(group of agans working together)-organism(sum of all organ systems working together)

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Characteristics of Living Organisms

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1.bounary maintenance
2. digestion
3. excretion
4. growth
5. metabolism
6. movement
7. reproduction
8. irritability

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digestion

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breaking large molecules into smaller units for absorbing as nutrients

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excretion

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removal of waste

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growth

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increasing in size(by cell number and size of cell)

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metabolism

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sum of all chemical reactions(both anabolic and catabolic)

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movement

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activities of the muscular system skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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reproduction

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forming offspring; at cell and organismal level

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irritability

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ability to respond to changes in the environment

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Requirements for life

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1. pressure-exchanges of gases(O2, CO2)
2. stable temperature-needed for reactions to occur in a timely manner(cold=slow;too hot+stops reaction)
3. nutrients-needed for energy and growth
4. oxygen-needed to release energy from foods
5. water-major solvent, necessary for reactions, secretions, and excretions

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control mechanisms

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communication withinthe body is essential for homeostasis

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3 crucial comoponents for homeostatic control

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1. affector(sensory)-type of sensor that monitors and resonds to changes
2. integrator(decision maker) control cente-analyzes the input it receives and determines the resonse
3. effector motor(response)-carries out the responserelayed from the control center

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Types of homeostatic control mechanisms

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1-Positive Feedback(rare)birth process
2- Negative feedback(common) blood glucose
3 Imbalances-diseases; causes the organs to become less efficient which results in unstable internal environment.

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diffusion-PARTICLES

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a passive process by which a substance moves from one place to another due to the substances kinetic energy.

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DIFFUSION

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-MOLECULAR MOTION IS RANDOM AND ERRATIC
-MOLECULAR MOTION REFLECTS THE KINETIC ENERGY OF MOLECULES
-INCREASED TEMPERATURE INCREASES SPEED OF MOVEMENT
-DECREASED TEMPERATURE SLOWS MOVEMENT
-SMALLER THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT THE FASTER THE RATE OF DIFFUSION

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osmosis-WATER

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a passive process in which there is a net(greater)movement of water througha selectively permeable membran. Water moves by osmosis from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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isotomic

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any solution in which cells maintain their normal shape and volume is called an isotonic solution. This is asolution in which the concentrations of solutes are the same on both sides. When RBC's are in an isotonic solution they maintain their normal shape and volume

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hypotonic

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a hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes(higher concentraionof water)than found inside the cell.When RBC's are placed in theis solution water molecules enter the cells by osmosis faster than they leave. Thjis situation causes the RBC's toswell and eventually to burst(hemolysis)

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hypertonic

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has a higher concentraion of solutes (lower concentration of water)than found inside the cell. When RBC's are placed in this solution water molecules move out of the cells by osmosis faster than they enter, causing the cells to shrink(crenation)