Anatomy And Physiology Ii Test 3

Front 1

MAP Equation

Back 1

(Systolic + Diastolic + Diastolic) /3

Front 2

Blood Pressure equation

Back 2

Heart rate * Stroke volume * Resistance

Front 3

Cardiac Output Equation

Back 3

CO= (HR * SV)

Front 4

Respiratory pump

Back 4

Aids venous return by creating a pressure gradient when we breathe. Forces blood back toward the heart.

Front 5

Muscular Pump

Back 5

Skeletal muscle surrounding the veins contract milking blood back to the heart and prevent backflow

Front 6

3 Vessels entering the right atrium

Back 6

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

Front 7

4 Vessels entering the left atrium

Back 7

4 Pulmonary Veins

Front 8

Right ventricle pumps blood out..

Back 8

The pulmonary trunk to the lungs

Front 9

Left ventricle pumps blood out...

Back 9

The aorta to the body

Front 10

Layers of the heart

Back 10

Epicardium (serous layer of Pericardium), Myocardium, Endocardium

Front 11

What vessels supply the heart itself?

Back 11

Left and right Coronary arteries and the Circumflex artery

Front 12

Vessel returning heart blood

Back 12

Cardiac veins (Great, middle and small) empty into Coronary Sinus (RA)

Front 13

Layer of heart that is nourished

Back 13

Myocardium during diastole

Front 14

Atrioventricular valves

Back 14

Tricuspid (right) and Mitral (left)

Front 15

Pulmonary and Aortic Valves

Back 15

Semilunar Valves - prevent backflow when valves relax

Front 16

Structure of cardiac muscle cells

Back 16

Branching

Striated

Uninucleate

Myofibrils consisting of sarcomeres

Front 17

Cardiac cell connections

Back 17

Connected by intercalated discs containing desmosomes and gap junctions which provide electrical connections

Front 18

Action Potential in Cardiac Cells

Back 18

Depolarization opens Na+ channels and slow Ca2+ channels (plateau). Releases Ca2+ into the cell causing myofilaments to slide past eachother (contraction)

Front 19

Can Cardiac Muscle enter tetanus?

Back 19

No because of its prolonged refractory period

Front 20

In what way does cardiac muscle produce ATP?

Back 20

Extra Mitochondria and AEROBIC respiration

Front 21

Explain Pacemaker Cells

Back 21

Noncontractile muscle cells

Automaticity & Rhythmicity

Independently generate AP

Unstable resting potential

Gradually depolarizes (drift toward threshold)

Form the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

Front 22

Conduction System

Back 22

SA & AV Nodes, the AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers

Front 23

Purpose of the Conduction System of the heart

Back 23

Coordinates depolarization to make sure heart contracts as a unit

Front 24

Node that sets Sinus Rhythm

Back 24

SA node because it has the fastest rate is spontaneous depolarization

Front 25

Problems with conduction system can cause..

Back 25

Arrhythmia, fibrillation and heart block

Front 26

Cardioacceleratory centers in the brain

Back 26

Medulla

Front 27

Cardioinhibitory centers in the brain

Back 27

Vagus nerve

Front 28

P wave

Back 28

Atrial depolarization

Front 29

QRS Complex

Back 29

Ventricular depolarization/atrial repolarization

Front 30

T wave

Back 30

Ventricular repolarization

Front 31

Normal and abnormal heart sounds

Back 31

Normal = shutting valves

Abnormal = faulty valve

Front 32

Cardiac Cycle

Back 32

One heart beat

Ventricles fill, contract (isovolumetrically contract) and ventricular ejection phase

Front 33

Stroke Volume

Back 33

The amount of blood pumped out a ventricle with each contraction

SV = EDV - ESV

Front 34

Typical cardiac output

Back 34

5 L per minute. Aka all the blood in your body. (8% of your weight in Liters)

Front 35

End Diastolic Volume

Back 35

The amount of blood in the ventricles just before contraction

Front 36

End Systolic Volume ESD

Back 36

The amount of blood left in the ventricle after contraction

Front 37

Sympathetic Nervous System causes

Back 37

Increased heart rate

Contractility

Front 38

Parasympathetic Nervous System causes

Back 38

Decreased heart rate

Vagal tone

No effect on contractility

Front 39

Hormones affecting the heart

Back 39

Catecholamines (Epinephrine) (⬆) , Thyroxine - Thyroid hormone (⬆) and Nicotinics (Acetylcholine) (⬇)

Front 40

Ions affecting the heart

Back 40

Calcium (⬆), Potassium (⬇) and Hydrogen (⬇)

Front 41

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Back 41

The left ventricle does not pump adequately for bodily needs

Front 42

Right heart failure

Back 42

Also called Cor Pulmonale

High BP in the pulmonary circuit

Causes systemic edema

Front 43

Left heart failure

Back 43

Aka CHF, results in pulmonary edema

Front 44

Where does the heart sit?

Back 44

Between the 2nd and 5th ICS in the Mediastinum (sac between lungs)

Front 45

Pericardium

Back 45

Fibrous sac layer outside the heart

Front 46

Serous Pericardium

Back 46

Allows for smooth movement of the heart

Front 47

Auricles

Back 47

Superficial layer of atria

Hold blood

Front 48

Heart hole between atria

Back 48

Fossa Ovalis in fetus

Patent Foramen Ovale when it remains in an adult (defect)

Front 49

Arteries

Back 49

Carry blood away from the heart. Typically oxygenated blood

Front 50

Veins

Back 50

Carry blood to the heart. Typically deoxygenated

Front 51

Papillary Muscles

Back 51

Open atrioventricular valves

Front 52

Chordae tendonae

Back 52

Anchor valve flaps to the papillary muscles

Front 53

Superior Vena Cava

Back 53

Brings blood from top half of the body to the right atrium

Has no backflow valve

Front 54

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 54

Brings blood from the lower body to the right atrium

Has no backflow valve

Front 55

Pulmonary Arteries

Back 55

Left and right divisions of the pulmonary trunk coming from the RV

Go to the lungs

Have semilunar valves to prevent backflow

Front 56

Trabeculae Carneae

Back 56

"Crossbar of flesh" - muscle pattern inside the valves

Front 57

Pulmonary Circuit

Back 57

From (R) heart to lungs to (L) heart

Front 58

Systemic Circuit

Back 58

(L) heart to body

Front 59

Coronary Circuit

Back 59

Left Coronary: to left ventricle

Right Coronary: to right ventricle

Circumflex: branch of LC. Goes to the back

Front 60

Right Coronary Branches

Back 60

Marginal and Posterior descending

Front 61

Coronary Sinus

Back 61

Return of blood from the surface of the heart to the RA

Front 62

Angina

Back 62

Chest pain from cardiac ischemia

Front 63

Anastomosis

Back 63

The convergence of blood vessels for the purpose of having alternate routes for blood flow aka collateral circulation

Front 64

Cardiac Nodes

Back 64

Where pacemaker cells occur and send impulses

Front 65

Sinoatrial Node

Back 65

70 bpm. Tells heart to contact. Membrane potential

Front 66

Atrioventricular Node

Back 66

60 bpm. Slower than SA node to send out impulses

Front 67

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His)

Back 67

50 bpm. Sends impulse from atria to ventricles

Front 68

Bundle Branches

Back 68

Sends impulses to right and left ventricles

Front 69

Purkinje Fibers

Back 69

30 bpm. Extend to the Myocardium

Front 70

PR Interval

Back 70

Impulse sent from atria to ventricles

Front 71

ST Segment

Back 71

Baseline between S and T waves

Front 72

QT Interval

Back 72

Time ventricles are de/repolarizing

Front 73

First heart sound

Back 73

Lub - AV valves closing

Front 74

Second heart sound

Back 74

Dub - semilunar valves closing

Front 75

Atrial Kick

Back 75

After passive filling of the ventricles, the atria contract and push the last 10-15% of blood into the ventricles

Front 76

Frank Starling Law

Back 76

Aka preload. The more a vessel is stretched, the more blood is ejected. And the greater the blood volume, the greater the stretch

Front 77

Contractility is driven by..

Back 77

SNS causes stronger contractions

Ca2+: The more in, the more out = stronger contractions

Front 78

Afterload

Back 78

The resistance the ventricle has to overcome to push out the blood

Front 79

Atrial Reflex (Bainbridge)

Back 79

The more blood returning to the atria, the faster they will pump (HR)

Heart rate alters as you breathe

Front 80

Bradycardia

Back 80

HR < 60 bpm

Front 81

Tachycardia

Back 81

HR >100 bpm

Front 82

Ventricular Septal Defect

Back 82

(1 in 500) Hole between ventricles

Front 83

Corarctation of the aorta

Back 83

Narrowed aorta

Front 84

Tetralogy of Fallot

Back 84

(1 in 2000) 4 problems.

Small pulmonary trunk

Large R ventricle

Ventricular Septal Defect

Aorta opens from both ventricles

Front 85

3 layers of blood vessels

Back 85

Tunica Intima

Tunica Media (largest layer)

Tunica Externa

Front 86

Vasa Vasorum

Back 86

Blood vessel feeding blood to a larger blood vessel (Tunica Externa)

Front 87

Classifications of arteries

Back 87

Elastic - largest & nearest the heart

Muscular - distributing. Mostly muscular layer

Arterioles - contribute the most to BP because they are so numerous

Front 88

Capillaries

Back 88

**One layer. Exchange vessels. Super tiny. Blood cells in single file

Front 89

3 classifications of capillaries

Back 89

Continuous

Fenestrated

Sinusoidal

Front 90

Continuous Capillaries

Back 90

Least permeable and most common

Serve skin and muscle

Front 91

Fenestrated Capillaries

Back 91

Pores in capillaries for rapid exchange.

Serve lungs and kidneys

Front 92

Sinusoidal Capillaries

Back 92

Largest holes.

Serve liver, spleen, bone narrow

Front 93

Shunt

Back 93

Bypasses capillaries. Goes directly from artery (metarteriole) to vein (thoroughfare channel)

Front 94

How much blood is in the venous system at any given time?

Back 94

60%. Veins are called the blood reservoir

Front 95

Which has a larger lumen, artery or vein and why?

Back 95

Vein to decrease resistance and get blood back to the heart

Front 96

Varicose veins

Back 96

Incompetent valves and stretched out veins

Front 97

Resistance in blood vessels is caused by...

Back 97

Viscosity

Length of vessel

Diameter of vessel (R = 1/r^4)

Front 98

Flow equation

Back 98

Flow = Pressure/Resistance

Front 99

Diastolic time as compared to Systolic time

Back 99

Diastolic is generally twice as long

Front 100

Pulse Pressure

Back 100

Systolic - Diastolic

Front 101

Purpose of calculating MAP

Back 101

To compare the pressure in arteries to the pressure in veins

Front 102

In which vessels do we calculate Systolic and Diastolic BP?

Back 102

Only arteries

Front 103

Where is the highest concentration of Baroreceptors and Chemoreceptors?

Back 103

Aortic arch and divisions of the carotid artery

Front 104

Short term neural BP maintenance

Back 104

Vasomotor

Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Front 105

Vasomotor

Back 105

Medulla (cardiac) - sympathetic

Front 106

Baroreceptors

Back 106

Cells responding to pressure

Front 107

Chemoreceptors

Back 107

pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide

CO2⬆= H+⬆= pH⬇

Front 108

Chemicals affecting BP

Back 108

⬆Norepinephrine - vasoconstriction

⬇Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

⬆ADH - stops urine

⬆Angiotensin II - strong vasoconstrictor

⬇Nitric Oxide - vasodilator

Front 109

Long term renal BP maintenance

Back 109

Alters blood volume (SV)

Front 110

Direct renal affect of BP

Back 110

Changes blood to the kidneys

⬇Blood

⬇Urine Output

⬆BP

Front 111

Indirect (RAS) renal response to low BP

Back 111

Renin is released releasing Angiotensin II (vasoconstriction) which retains sodium, releases ADH

Front 112

Hypotension

Back 112

Systolic < 90 mmHg

Front 113

Hypertension

Back 113

Systolic >139

Diastolic > 89

Front 114

Autoregulation of blood flow

Back 114

Metabolic - Higher needs more blood

Myogenic - Contract when stretched

Front 115

Skeletal blood flow

Back 115

Oxygen - Sympathetic

Front 116

Brain blood flow

Back 116

Oxygen, pH/CO2, myogenic

Front 117

Skin blood flow

Back 117

Oxygen, temperature - neutral

Front 118

Heart blood flow

Back 118

Oxygen, Myogenic

Front 119

Lung blood flow

Back 119

Oxygen, pH

Front 120

When O2 goes down in tissues...

Back 120

We vasodilate so that BP goes down and brings blood more easily

Front 121

When O2 goes down in lungs...

Back 121

We vasoconstrict raising BP

Front 122

Hypovolemic Shock

Back 122

Low blood volume

Front 123

Vascular Shock

Back 123

Abnormal vasodilation

Front 124

Cardiogenic shock

Back 124

Pump failure