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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What does the network of lymphatics assist the cardiovascular system in? How? |
Assists in maintaining fluid balance, by transporting excess fluid away from the interstitial spaces between the cells and tissues, then returning it to the cardiovascular system. |
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What are the components of the lymphatic system? (5) |
1. Network of Lymphatic Vessels 2. Nodes 3. Spleen 4. Thymus 5. Tonsils |
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What are the functions of the Lymphatic System? (3) |
1. Fluid balance 2. Defense against disease causing pathogens 3. Fat absorption |
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What are Lymph Capillaries? |
Microscopic closed end tubes that extend into spaces within the tissues. Consist of a single layered wall. This allows interstitial fluid (lymph) to enter the lymphatic capillaries. |
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What are Lymph Vessels? |
As lymphatic capillaries merge they form lymphatic vessels. Similar structure to veins, have valves which function to prevent the backflow of lymphatics throughout the system. Vessels lead to lymph nodes and finally merge to larger lymphatic ducts. |
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Where does the Thoracic Duct recieve lymph from? (4) Where does it empty? |
1. The lower body 2. Left arm 3. Left side of the head 4. Neck
Into the subclavian vein. |
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Where does the Lymphatic Duct recieve lymph from? What vein does it empty to? |
1. The right side of the head 2. Neck 3. Right arm 4. Right thorax
Empties into the subclavian vein. |
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Describe the direction of lymph fluid throughout the lymphatic system. (Flow chart picture) |
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Movement of lymph is controlled by what kind of activity? |
Muscular activity- skeletal muscle contraction. Respiration. |
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What do lymphocytes do? |
Function in defense against disease causing pathogens, they are found in lymph nodes. |
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What is the general size and shape of lymph nodes? |
< 2.5cm Bean shaped |
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Lymph exits the efferent vessels at the _____? |
Hilum |
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What are contained in the compartments of lymph nodes? (2) |
Dense amounts of 1. Lymphocytes 2. Macrophages |
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Where are lymphocytes produced? |
Lymph nodes |
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What do the macrophages inside lymph nodes do? |
Engulf and destroy foreign substances, damaged cells and cellular debris. |
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Where are T-lymphocyte cells developed? |
In the Thymus. |
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What is the hormone secreted by the Thymus? What does it do top the T-cells? |
"Thymosin" Believed to stimulate the maturation of T cells after they leave the Thymus and migrate to other organs. |
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Hope does the spleen contribute to the lymphatic system? |
The spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The spleen filters and cleans blood. Destroys worn out RBCs. "Red blood cell graveyard" Macrophages in the spleen function to engulf/ destroy bacteria as blood filters. |
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Where does the spleen return salvageable products? |
To the Liver. |
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What are the secondary functions of the spleen? (3) |
1. Synthesizing lymphocytes 2. Storage for platelets 3. Blood reservoir |
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What do the spleen and liver do during extreme blood loss? |
They contract, dumping their reserved blood into circulation in efforts to increase blood volume. |
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Define immunity. |
Resistance to the effects of specific disease causing agents. |
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What type of barriers are the skin and mucous membranes? |
Mechanical barriers. |
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What do Interferons do (to viruses and tumors)? |
They are proteins that interfere with the proliferation of some viruses and tumors. |
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What are Netrophils? |
Phagocytes that increase during infections. |
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What do Monocytes do? |
Phagocyte cells that give rise to Macrophages which ingest bacteria, cellular debris and cancerous cells. |
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Describe Non-specific defenses. |
General in their action Respond immediately against defense. |
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Describe specific defenses. |
Built in immunity. Stalks and eliminates pathogens. Recognizes foreign objects. Responsible for our immunity. Antigen specific, systemic, have memory,. |
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What ate the two divisions of specific immunity? |
1. Humoral- antibody mediated 2. Cellular immunity - lymphocytes |
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What is the function and sources of Histamine? |
1. Inflammatory chemical 2. Basophils |
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What is the enzyme that is in gastric juice, works with HCL to destroy potential pathogens that might enter the stomach? |
"Pepsin" |
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What do skin secretions do to the epidermis which inhibits bacterial growth? |
That make the epidermis acidic. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of inflammation? (4) |
1. Localized redness 2. Swelling 3. Heat 4. Pain |
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What is redness a result from during inflammation? |
Blood vessel dilation and increased blood volume to the tissue. |
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What is swelling a result from during inflammation? |
From the increased blood volume and increased permeability of the capillaries. |
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Why is there heat during inflammation? |
Because the blood comes from deeper, warmer tissues. |
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Why does pain occur during inflammation? |
Due to the stimulation of nearby pain receptors. |
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What do the WBCs do during inflammation? |
Accumulate and perform phagocytosis. |
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What do the fluids that collect around the inflamed site contain? (2) |
1. Fibrinogen 2. Other clotting factors |
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What do fibrin cells do during inflammation? |
They network and collect with other cells resulting in a sac of fibrous connective tissue. |
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Where are Monocytes located? (4) |
In such organs as the lymph nodes, spleen, liver and lungs. |
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What is the Recticuloendothelial system comprised of? (Concerning immune system) |
Macrophages that remove foreign substances from lymph. |
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Where are T-lymphocytes derived from? |
The Thymus. |
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After development where are T-lymphocytes transported to? |
The blood. |
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What percent do T-lymphocytes make up of circulating lymphocytes? |
70-80% |
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Where are B-Lymphocytes released by? |
The bone marrow. |
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What percentage do B-Lymphocytes make up of total lymphocytes? |
20-30% |
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Where are B cells found? |
Settle on lymphatic organs but are also found 1. Abundantly in the secretatory glands 2. Intestinal lining 3. Recticuloendothelial tissue |
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Do T cells and B cells develop together? |
Yes- so that a specific response can be set up towards an antigen. |
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What are substances our body recognizes as our own called? |
Self |
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What are invading/ foreign substances known as? |
Non self |
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Define Antigen. |
Any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking an immune response. |
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What are antigens composed of? |
Organic materials and proteins. |
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What is the primary organ of the lymphatic system? |
The thymus gland. |
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What cells (T or B) are antibody mediated immunity? |
B cells. |
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What cells are cell mediated immunity? |
T cells |
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What cells interact worth antigen bearing agents directly? |
T cells. |
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What cells interact with antigen bearing agents indirectly producing antibodies? |
B cells. |
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What do Killer T cells do? |
Attach to the antigen and kill it directly. |
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What do Helper T cells do? |
Helper T cells help B cells differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells. Release Cytokines that stimulate the (already combined with antigen) B cells to proliferate. |
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What do Suppressor T cells do? |
Inhibits the activity of both T and B cells once the infection is controlled. |
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What does Antibody Mediated (Humoral) Immunity focus on? |
Reflects the work of antibodies that are present circulating freely in the body's fluids (blood and lymph). |
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What are the 3 important aspects of the immune system? |
1. It is antigen specific/ it recognizes and acts against certain pathogens 2. It is systemic/ not restricted to the initial site of infection 3. It has memory/ recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens |
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What type of immunity is it that lymphocytes defend the body? How (2)? |
Cell mediated immunity 1. Lymphocytes act directly by lysing the foreign cell. 2. Indirectly the lymphocytes release chemical mediators that promote or enhance the inflammatory response / also alerts other lymphocytes or macrophages |
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What happens to the B cell when it encounters the antigen whose molecular shape fits into it's receptor? |
It responds with proliferation by mitosis |
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What do plasma cells produce? |
Antibodies |
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What are immunoglobulins? |
The antibodies produced by B cells. |
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What is the most abundant class of antibody? |
IgG makes up 75%of all circulating antibodies. |
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What is the class of antibody that is synthesized by immature B cells? |
IgM |
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What class of antibody is located in the plasma and tissue fluid and acts against bacterial cells, viruses and toxins? |
IgG |
IgG IgA or IgM? |
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What class of antibody is commonly found in secretions of the exocrine glands and functions against respiratory viruses and bacterial cells? |
IgA |
IgG IgA or IgM? |
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What class of antibody is found in blood plasma and reacts with antigens occurring naturally in some red blood cell membranes following blood transfusions? |
IgM |
IgG IgA or IgM? |
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What class of antibody crosses the placenta via plasma? |
IgG |
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What class of antibody is found in breast milk? |
IgA |
IgG IgA or IgM? |
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What are Cytokines (Lymphokines)? What do they do? |
Chemical messengers -enhance immune and inflammatory responses. |
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What attracts macrophages and leukocytes to to the inflamed tissues and hold them there? |
Lymphokines |
Also known as Cytokines |
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How does exercise effect immunity? |
Counteracts the effects of stress by parasympathetic nervous system. |
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How does stress negatively effect the immune system? (what does the body release during, effects on white blood cells) |
-Increases sympathetic response -Increases release of cortisol which interferes with non-specific and specific mechanisms of the immune response - Diminishesthe activity of the white blood cell
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Those who are _______ malnourished are likely to suffer from a depressed immune system? |
Protein |
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How does immune system activity decrease as we age? (3) |
1. General barriers and activation of WBCs 2. Maturation of T cells is less efficient 3. Ability to distinguish between self and non-self decreases |
- what happens to to activation of WBCs, T cells and distinguishing |
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What do anesthetics do to our immune system? |
Depress the immune system and stress response. |
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What do effect do steroids have on inflammation and immune functions? |
Inhibit |
Increase or inhibit? |
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What does radiation do to bone marrow? |
Produces leucopenia. Depresses bone marrow, which is the site of WBC production. |
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What does Cortisol do ( involving immune system)? |
Diminish the effects of the WBCs. |
Involving WBCs. |
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Females life expectancy is 7 years less or longer than men? |
Longer. |
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What is Active Immunity? |
-naturally acquired or -artificially acquired - yourcells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them |
How is it acquired? What do your cells do when they encounter antigens? |
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What is Naturally Acquired Immunity? |
-exposure to live pathogens -prompts disease symptoms and stimulates an immune response |
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What is Artificially Acquired Immunity? |
-result of an exposure to a vaccine containingweakened pathogens -usuallythe person is asymptomatic but an immune response is stimulated |
Flu Shot |
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What is Passive Immunity? |
- Artificially and Naturally Acquired - Antibodies are obtained from an outside source (human or animal donor) - Memory does not occur |
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What is Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity? |
- Doesn't stimulate immune response - Injection of Gamma Globulins containing antibodies |
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What is Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity? |
-Antibodies pass from mother to baby with active immunity to the fetus - Short term immunity -No stimulation of the immune system |
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What is Primary Response? How long does it last? |
-The response when an antigen is first encountered -May continue for several weeks |
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What is Secondary Response? |
-Later immune responses that are much quicker due to all the preparation for second attack is ready |
When and how is speed? |
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The Alimentary Canal extending from the mouth to the anus, this includes? (6 Major Digestive Organs) |
1. Mouth 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small Intestine 6. Large Intestine |
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What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? (4) |
1. Salivary Glands 2. Gallbladder 3. Liver 4. Pancreas |
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What does Enzymatic activity do to the food we ingest? |
Enzymatic activity breaks the bonds that hold food molecules together |
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Define absorption. |
Movement of the digested end products in the blood |
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What enzyme is CHO assisted by? |
Amylase |
Found in saliva and pancreas |
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What is the end result of CHO in the digestive system? Where is it absorbed? |
Monosaccharides -Absorbed by the villi into the blood capillaries |
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What are Proteins final product? |
Amino Acids |
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What enzyme acts on protein and where does it begin? |
Pepsin -in the stomach |
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Enzymes from where digest fats? (2 organs) |
1. Intestinal Mucosa 2. Pancreas |
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Where and how is water absorbed? |
In the intestine, water is absorbed by osmosis. |
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By which type(s) of transport are electrolytes absorbed by, and where are they absorbed to? |
Via active and passive transport and then absorbed into the blood. |
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What is Peristalsis? |
- Rhythmic motions of muscular contraction -Involuntary -Moves bolus through various tube-like organs |
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What 3 enzymes act on Proteins in the digestive system? and from which 3 organs? |
1. Pepsin- Stomach 2. Proteases- Pancreas 3. Intestinal enzymes-Small intestine |
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What 2 enzymes act on Lipids in the digestive system? and from which 2 organs? |
1. Emulsified by bile- Small Intestine 2. Pancreatic Lipase- Pancreas |
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What 3 enzymes act on CHO in the digestive system? and from which 3 organs? |
1. Salivary Amylase- Mouth 2. Pancreatic Amylase- Pancreas 3. Sucrase/ Maltase/ Lactase- Small Intestine |
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What are the 4 layers of the GI tract walls? (Inner to outer) |
1. Mucous 2. Submucosa 3.Muscle 4. Serosa |
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What layer of the Digestive Tract is made of surface epithelium and villi that extend into the lumen? |
Mucous membrane layer |
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What layer of the Digestive Tract is made of loose connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves? (Provides nourishment) |
Submucosa layer |
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What layer of the Digestive Tract organs is made of 2 layers of smooth muscle? |
Muscular layer |
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What layer of the Digestive Tract is made of visceral peridoneum (mesentry)? Also secretes serous fluid/ lubrication. |
Serous layer (serosa) |
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Where is the Peritoneal Cavity located? |
A potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. |
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What is the function of the Peritoneal Cavity? |
Secretes serous fluid which functions in lubrication. |
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Where is the Retroperitoneal Space located? What organs are located here? |
Behind the Peritoneum. Pancreas, part of the duodenum and kidneys. |
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That is the Mesentry an extension of? Describe the structure. |
An extension of the parietal peridoneum, located posteriorly. A double layer of parietal peridoneum that hangs like a drape. |
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What does the Mesentry suspend and also provide a route for? |
Suspends the small bowel and provides a route for the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to the abdominal viscera. |
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What does the Mesentry do for the organs? What does it do with fat? |
Holds the organs in place. Stores fat. |
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What is the greater Omentum an extension of? Describe the structure. |
The peridoneum. Drapes anteriorly and downward covering the abdominal organs like a lacy apron. |
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The greater Omentum is riddled with _____ to help cushion and protect? |
Fat. |
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What does the greater Omentum contain a large connection of that functions in body defense? |
Lymph nodes containing macrophages. |
Think immune system and phagocytes. |
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At what sphincter does the esophagus meet the stomach? |
Cardiac sphincter. |
Think heart. |
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What is the normal capacity of the stomach? |
1L |
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What structure of the stomach increases expansion ability and allows the stomach to descend? |
Rugae |
Starts with R. |
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What are the 4 sections the stomach is divided into? |
1. Cardiac 2. Fundic 3. Body 4. Pyloric |
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What are the names of the 2 stomach sphincters? |
1. Cardiac 2. Pyloric |
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