Anatomy And Physiology Ii Test 1

Front 1

Is Na+ pumped into the cell or out of the cell?

Back 1

Out

Front 2

Which has a more positive charge, intracellular fluid or extracellular fluid?

Back 2

Extracellular Fluid

Front 3

How much ATP is used for our Na+, K+ pumps?

Back 3

1 ATP per pump

Front 4

How much of our body's energy is used on pumping Na+ and K+?

Back 4

Half

Front 5

At what point does the voltage level of an action potential lower? (What is the cause?)

Back 5

When the K+ pumps open

Front 6

What is the name for the divet in the action potential where it dips below resting state?

Back 6

Hyperpolarization

Front 7

What is resting membrane potential? (mv)

Back 7

-70mv

Front 8

What is the name of the period of time in which no new stimulus is possible to form a new action potential?

Back 8

Absolute Refractory Period (depolarization and repolarization)

Front 9

What is the threshold that must be reached before an action potential is set off? (mv's)

Back 9

-55mv to -50mv

Front 10

What length of time does it take for an entire action potential to occur and resting membrane potential is reached again?

Back 10

4ms

Front 11

What is the relative refractory period?

Back 11

The beginning of Hyperpolarization and the period after until the resting membrane potential is reached once again

Front 12

Can a new action potential occur during the refractory period?

Back 12

Yes, but the stimulus has to be really strong

Front 13

What encases the synaptic vessicles?

Back 13

Phospholipid bilayer

Front 14

What is a ligand-gated channel?

Back 14

One that is specific to what passes through it

Front 15

What are ion channels made of?

Back 15

Protein

Front 16

What are the 3 possibilities that a post-synaptic cell may be?

Back 16

Neuron, Muscle, Gland

Front 17

What is the difference in ion concentration called?

Back 17

Voltage

Front 18

What structure of a neuron builds ribosomes?

Back 18

Nissl Bodies

Front 19

What is the rough ER of a neuron called?

Back 19

Nissl Body

Front 20

What structure of a neuron decides whether there will be an action potential?

Back 20

Axon Hillock

Front 21

What do internuerons do?

Back 21

Integrates CNS with PNS

Front 22

Are sensory nerves afferent or efferent?

Back 22

Afferent

Front 23

Are motor nerves afferent or efferent?

Back 23

Efferent

Front 24

Where are cell bodies of the PNS usually located?

Back 24

In the CNS

Front 25

What are somatic nerves?

Back 25

Nerves you have concious control over

Front 26

Which is fight or flight... Sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Back 26

Sympathetic

Front 27

What kind of cells insulate the axons of cells in the CNS?

Back 27

Oligodendrocytes

Front 28

What do astrocytes do?

Back 28

1. Support endothelial cells in the blood-brain barrier in brain (Protoplasmic)
2. Form framework and Scar tissue in brain (Fibrous)

Front 29

What are microglia?

Back 29

Phagocytize microbes, foreign matter, dead nervous tissue

Front 30

What are ependymal cells?

Back 30

Create/circulate CSF

Front 31

What do satellite cells do?

Back 31

Support neurons in PNS ganglia

Front 32

Name 6 glial cells

Back 32

Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, Schwann, Satellite

Front 33

What do astrocytes do?

Back 33

Connect capillaries and neurons and relays info

Front 34

How is a tract different than a nerve?

Back 34

Tracts are myelinated axons in the CNS that go into the brain, nerves are myelinated axons running away from the brain (PNS)

Front 35

What is an electrical signal in a dendrite called?

Back 35

Graded potential

Front 36

What is anterograde vs retrograde?

Back 36

Anterograde = toward axon terminal
Retrograde = away from axon terminal

Front 37

Is the direction of degraded neurotransmitters back to the cell body anterograde or retrograde?

Back 37

Retrograde

Front 38

What direction does anterograde refer to?

Back 38

Toward axon terminal from cell body

Front 39

What is saltatory conduction?

Back 39

Increased speed of conduction due to myelin sheath

Front 40

What is function of Neuroglia/Glial cells?

Back 40

Supports neurons and acts as neuron's connective tissue.

Front 41

What is the most abundant and versitile kind of glial cell?

Back 41

Astrocytes

Front 42

Does an action potential travel faster in a thick axon or thin axon?

Back 42

Thick - the large diameter leaves room for more Na+ K+ channels

Front 43

What are the two types of astrocytes?

Back 43

Protoplasmic, Fibrous

Front 44

What is another name for one internode?

Back 44

A Schwann Cell

Front 45

What are neurilemma and which has them, CNS or PNS?

Back 45

Outer layer of Schwann Cells, PNS (CNS has oligodendrocytes)

Front 46

What are the branches called if the axons branch?

Back 46

Axon Collaterals

Front 47

Are nodes of ranvier further apart in the CNS or PNS?

Back 47

CNS

Front 48

What is the myelin sheath made of?

Back 48

Schwann cells wrapped around axons

Front 49

What is white matter made of?

Back 49

Myelinated axons

Front 50

What is gray matter made of?

Back 50

Unmyelinated axons

Front 51

Where is gray matter found?

Back 51

In brain and inside of spinal cord

Front 52

What is the difference between schwann cells in myelinated vs unmyelinated axons?

Back 52

Schwann cells in unmyelinated axons do not wrap around the axon multiple times and one Schwann cell encases up to 15 axons

Front 53

Are sensory nerves found in the posterior apine or anterior spine?

Back 53

Posterior (Includes dorsal root ganglion)

Front 54

Are motor nerves found in anterior spine or posterior spine?

Back 54

Anterior

Front 55

Are most nerves sensory or motor?

Back 55

Both

Front 56

When classifying a nerves as multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar, what is being referred to?

Back 56

The number of processes extending off of the cell body

Front 57

Where can multipolar neurons be found?

Back 57

CNS

Front 58

What is the function of bipolar neurons?

Back 58

Sight, hearing, and smell

Front 59

What is the function of unipolar neurons?

Back 59

Carries sensory info to the spinal cord

Front 60

Electrically, what happens during depolarization?

Back 60

Inside of the membrane becomes less negative

Front 61

What two factors in a graded potential determine whether or not it fires an action potential?

Back 61

Strength and length

Front 62

What does it mean to say that graded potentials are decremental?

Back 62

They decrease in stregth with distance traveled

Front 63

What are the two kinds of cells that can generate an action potential?

Back 63

Muscle and Neurons

Front 64

How do G-protein linked receptors change membrane permeability?

Back 64

Activates an enzyme that activates production of a certain gene that produces a certain protein that makes change in cell

Front 65

Which is faster, channel linked receptors or G-protein linked receptors?

Back 65

Channel linked receptors (direct receptors)

Front 66

What is the only kind of channel ESPS's can use?

Back 66

Chemically gated

Front 67

What are the two types of graded potentials?

Back 67

Excitatory and Inhibitory

Front 68

What is temporal summation?

Back 68

Presynaptic neurons transmit AP's in rapid succession, the excitatory graded potentials "add up" to enough to cause an action potential

Front 69

What is spatial summation?

Back 69

Multiple impulses conducted to post synaptic cell on multiple locations at the same time... added up to cause an action potential

Front 70

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Back 70

When the distal end of an axon degenerates

Front 71

Name the 3 compartments in the CNS that contain CSF

Back 71

1. Lateral ventricle
2. Third ventricle
3. Fourth ventricle
4. Central canal