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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 major components of blood and the % of each by weight
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-hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV) 45%
-plasma 55% |
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average volume of blood in an adult human male & female
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male 5.5L
female 4.5L |
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describe erythrocyte
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RBC
4-6 million/mm3 blood transport oxygen biconcave disk, no nuclei, full of hemoglobin(4 protein globin+ iron in center) |
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why does a mature RBC lack a nucleus
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provides more space for hemoglobin/so they can produce ATP through glycolysis only and use none of the O2 they carry
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distinguish between biliverdin and bilirubin
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*biliverdin-greenish pigment broken down from heme
*bilirubin-orange pigment that is converted from biliverdin |
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how do B12 and folic acid deficiencies affect RBC production
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required for DNA syntheses
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describe the process by which a leukocyte leaves the bloodstream and enters tissue
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diapedesis-
*leukocytes squeeze between cells in BV *once outside the blood, move thru tissue spaces by ameboid motion * damaged cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes (chemotaxis) |
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the primitive bone marrow cell from which all blood cells arise
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leukocytes
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how is diapedesis positive chemotaxis
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damage cells release chemicals that attract leukocytes
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function of a histamine
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substance released from stressed cells that promotes inflammation
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describe a blood platelet
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*thrombocyte
*130,000-360,000/mm3 *blood clotting *fragments of megakarocyte cells |
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3 types of plasma proteins and they functions
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*albumin-helps maintain osmotic pressure
*globulin-antibody and transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins *fibrinogen- blood coagulation |
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name the sources of VLDL, LDL, HDL and chylomicrons
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Chylomicrons in the blood transport dietary fats to muscle & adipose cells, VLDL molecules produced in the liver, transport triglycerides synthesized from excess dietary carbs. As VLDL molecules reach adipose cells,an enzyme, lipoprotein lipase, catalyzes reactions that unload their triglycerides, converting VLDL to LDL. Cells in peripheral tissues remove LDL from plasma by receptor-mediated endocystosis, thus obtaining a supply of cholesterol
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name several plasma electrolytes
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*sodium
*potassium *calcim *magnesium *chloride bicarbonate *phosphate *sulfate ions |
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explain how BV spasms are stimulated following an injury
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stimulates smooth muscles in wall to contract (vasospasm), blood loss lessens almost immediately and the ends of the severed vessel may close completely, also from reflexes elicited by pain receptors in the injured tissue
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explain how a platelet plug is formed
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platelets adhear to exposed collage in damage BV
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example of + feedback that operates during blood clotting
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1. once a clot starts to form it promotes more clotting
2. b/c thrombin also acts directly on blood clotting factors other than fibrinogen. It can cause prothrombin to form still more thrombin |
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explain how a clot may be removed naturally from a BV
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1. Fibrin threads absorb plasminoge (plasma protein)
2. Lysosomes in damaged tissue release plasminigin 3. Plasmin is a protein splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin threads and other proteins associated with blood clots |
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deescribe how blood coagulation can be prevented
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1. endothelium of BV discourages platelets & clotting factors
2. endothelium cells produce prostenegelin (PGI2) inhibits ahearance of platelets to inner walls of BV 3. Antithrombin that is present in the plasma globulin inactivates thrombin 4. Heparin also release from most cells basophils which interfere with prothrombin activator |
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identify a vitamin required for blood clotting
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Vitamin K
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explain the basis of ABO blood types
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based on presence or absence of 2 major antigens (antigen A & B)
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AB is universal recipient
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both antigens
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O is universal donor
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neither antigens
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Hematology
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study of blood
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hematocrit
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volume % of RBC withing a sample of whole blood
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oxyhemoglobin
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oxygenated hemoglobin
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deoxyhemoglobin
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deoxygenated hemoglobin
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RBC count
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number of RBC in a cubit mm of blood
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globin chain
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4 component polypeptide, surrounded by a heme group, broken down from hemoglobin molecules liberated from the RBC
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transferrin
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a protein that is combined with iron to be carried by the blood to the RBC forming tissue in the red bone marrow and reused in synthesizing new hemoglobin
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ferrin
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iron-protein complex
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erthropoietin
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kidney hormone that promotes RBC formation
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granulocyte
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Leukocyte with granules in its cytoplasm
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agranulocyte
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Leukocyte without granules in it cytoplasm
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leukocytosis
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too many WBC in the blood
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leucopenia
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too few WBC in the blood
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DIFF
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lists % of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample
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megakaryotype
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large bone marrow cell that shatters to yield blood platelets
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lipoprotein
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a complex of lipid and protein
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apoprotein
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the protein constiuents of lipoproteins in the outer layer
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low density lipoprotein
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have relatively high concentration of cholesterol and are the major cholestreol-carrying lipoproteins
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high density lipoprotein
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have relatively high concentration of protein and a lower concentration of lipids
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very low density lipoprotein
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have a relatively high concentration of triglycerides
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hemostasis
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stoppage of bleeding
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vasospasm
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cutting or breaking a smaller BV stimulates the smooth muscle to contract
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fibrinogen
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plasma protein converted into fibrin during blood coagulation
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fibrin
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insoluble, fibrous protein formed from fibrinogen during blood coagulation
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serum
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fluid portion of coagulated blood
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thrombus
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blood clot that remains where it forms in a blood vessel
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embolus
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blood clot or gas bubble that is carried by the blood that may obstruct a BV
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antigen
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chemical that stimulates B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
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antibody
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protein (immunoglobulin) that B cells of the immune system produce in response to the presence of a nonself antigen, it reacts with the antigen
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Rh +
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contains antigen D
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Rh-
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lack antigen D
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erthroblastosis fetalis
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life threatening condition of massive agglutination of the blood in the fetus or neonate due to the mothers anti Rh antibodies RBC
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