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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Humans are classified in a group called _________ because of their segmented vertebral column.
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Vertebrates
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The words "anatomy and physiology" have what kind of origins?
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Greek
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Does someone studying anatomy look at how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton or at how the muscle contracts?
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How a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton
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Does someone studying physicology look at how a particular muscle attaches to the skeleton or at how the muscle contracts?
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How the muscle contracts
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Would an anatomist look at how the truck is put together or how the truck works?
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How the truck is put together
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Would a physiologist look at how the truck is put together or how the truck works?
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How the truck works
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What 6 things are included in descriptive anatomy?
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appearance, size, shape, location, weight and color
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What 2 groups can anatomy be broken into?
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Gross (macroscopic) anatomy and microscopic anatomy
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What does surgical anatomy deal with?
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Landmarks on the body that are useful during surgical procedures.
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What is surface anatomy?
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The study of general form and superficial markings
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What does regional anatomy focuse on?
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The anatomical organization of specific areas of the body such as the head, neck, trunk, etc.
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What is systemic anatomy?
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the study of the structure of orgran systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems
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What does developmental anatomy describe?
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The changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
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What are some examples of subspecialties that clinical anatomy includes?
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Medical anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness
Radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques) |
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What can a dissecting microscope see?
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Tissues
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What can a light microscope see?
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basic details of cell structure
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What can an electron microscope see?
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individual molecules
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What 2 major subdivisions does microscopic anatomy include?
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cytology and histology
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What do tissues combine to form?
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organs
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Where is the line crossed from microscopic to macroscopic anatomy?
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At the organ
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What is cell physiology?
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The study of the function of cells and chemical reactions between and within cells
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What is special physiology?
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the study of the physiology of specific organs
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What is systemic physiology?
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includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems
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what is pathological physiology?
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the study of hte effects of disease on organ or system functions.
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What are the 3 forms of information a physician looks for to analyze a patient?
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anatomical, physiological and psychological
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Name the 11 body systems listed in your book.
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Integumentary
Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive |
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Name the 7 levels of organization to be concerned with at this time in order from smallest.
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Atoms,
Molecules Protein Filaments cells Tissue Organ Organ Systems |
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What are a molecules functional properties determined by?
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It's 3-D shape
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What are the 4 major organs of the Integumentary System?
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Skin
Hair Sweat Glands Nails |
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What are the 3 functions of the Integumentary System?
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Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulare body temperature Provides sensory information |
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What are the 4 major organs of the skeletal system?
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Bones
Cartilages Associated Ligaments Bone Marrow |
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What are the 3 functions of the skeletal system?
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Procides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minterals Forms blood cells |
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What are the 2 major organs of the muscular system?
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Skeletal muscles
Associated Tendons |
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What are the 3 funtions of the muscular system?
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Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature |
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What are the 4 major organs of the nervous system?
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Brain
spinal Cord Peripheral nerves sense organs |
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What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?
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Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities of other ogran systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions |
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What are the 6 major organs of the endocrine system?
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Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland Pancreas Adrenal Glands Gonads (testes and ovaries) Endocrine tissues in other systems |
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What are the 3 functions of the endocrine system?
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Directs long-term changes in teh activities of other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development |
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What are the 3 major organs of the cardiovascular system?
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Heart
Blood Blood Vessels |
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What are the 2 functions of the cardiovascular system?
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Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperatue |
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What are the 5 major organs of the Lyphatic system?
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Spleen
Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils |
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What are the 2 major functions of the lyphatic system?
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Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream |
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What are the 7 major organs of the respiratory system?
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Nasal cavities
Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli |
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What are teh 4 major functions of the respiratory system?
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Delivers air to alveoli
Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication |
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What are teh 10 major organs of the digestive system?
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Teeth
Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas |
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What are the 4 major functions of the digestive system?
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Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutriends Stores energy reserves |
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What are the 4 major organs of the urinary system?
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Kidneys
Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra |
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What are the 4 major functions of the urinary system?
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Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of the urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH |
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What are the 7 major organs of the male reproductive system?
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Testes
Epididymis Ducturs deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum |
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what is the ONE function of the male reproductive system?
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Produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones
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What are the 7 major organs of the female reproductive system?
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Ovaries
Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary Glands |
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What are the 3 major functions of the female reproductive system?
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Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant |
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What two mechanisms are involved in homeostatic regulation?
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autoregulation and extrinsic regulation
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When does autoregulation occur?
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when a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to environmental change
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What is another name for autoregulation?
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intrinsic regulation
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What is an example of autoregulation?
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when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that dilate local blood vessels increasing hte rate of bloodflow and provides the region with more oxygen
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What is extrinsic regualtion?
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results from the activities of either the nervous or endocrine system
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What is an example of extrinsic regulation?
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when exercising the nervous system tells the heart to beat faster and also reduces blood flow to less active organs such as the digestive tract
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what kind of responses does the nervous system direct?
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rapid, short term and very specific
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How does the endocrine system get the body to respond?
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It releases hormones that aren't immediately apparent.
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What does the endocrine system play a major role in?
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growth and development
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What are the 3 parts that a homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of?
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A Receptor,
control Center and an Effector |
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What is a receptor?
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A sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus
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What is a control center?
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It receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands
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what is another name for the control center?
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the integration center
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What is an effector?
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a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center
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In homeostatic control of beody temperature what is the control center?
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the hypothalamus
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What two receptors does the hypothalamus receive information from?
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one in the skin
one in the hypothalamus |
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If body temperature rises above 37.2C, what effectors does the control center taget?
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Muscle tissue in teh walls of blood vessels supplying the skin
sweat glands |
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When asleep is your thermoregulatory set point higher or lower?
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lower
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What are the 2 reasons that body temperature set point could vary?
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small oscillations around the set oint
changes in the set point |
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what 5 things are homeostatic set points determined by?
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genetic factors,
age environment gender health |
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what is an example of positive feedback in the body?
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glood cloting
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
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when all systems are working together to maintain a state of equilibrium
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What is the integumentary system's function regarding body temerature?
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heat loss
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What is the muscular system's function regarding body temperature?
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head production
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what is the cardiovascular system's function regarding body temperature?
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Heat distribution
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What are the nervous system's 3 functions regarding body temperature?
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Coordination of blood flow, heat production and heat loss.
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What is the Cardiovascular system's function regarding blood pressure?
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pressure generated by the hear moves blood through blood vessels
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What is the nervous and endocrine system's function regarding blood pressure?
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Adjustments in heart rate and blood vessel diameter can raise or lower blood pressure
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What is the urinatry system's function regarding waste product concentration?
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Elimination or waste products from the blood
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What is the cardiovasuclar system's function regarding waste product concentration?
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Transport of waste products to tsites of excretion
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What is the urinatry system's fuction regarding body fluid volume?
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elimination or conservation of water from teh blood
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What is the digestive system's function regarding body fluid volume?
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Absorption of water; loss of water in feces
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What is the Integumentary system's function regarding body fluid volume?
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Loss of water through perspirtation
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What is the cardiovascular system's function regarding body fluid volume?
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distribution of water
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What is the digestive system's function regarding body fluid comoposition?
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nutrient absorption, sotrage and release
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What is the cardiovascular system's function in regards to body fluid composition?
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nutrient distribution
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What is the Urinary system's function in regards to body fluid composition?
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Control of nutrient loss in the urine
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What is the respiratory system's function in regards to body fluid composition?
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Absorption or oxygen, elimination of carbon dioxide
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What is the cardiovascular system's fucntion in regards to body fluid composition (gases)?
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Internal transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What are eponyms?
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commemorative names that are being replaces by more technical ones
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What is a person lying down in the anatomic position face up called?
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supine
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what is a person lying down in the anatomic position face down called?
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prone
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Name the 9 abdominopelvis regions
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Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region left hypochondriac region right lumbar region umbilical region left lumbar region right inguinal region hypogastric (pubic) region left inguinal region |
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What region is the Cephalon in?
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Cephalic Region
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What is a cephalon?
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a head
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What is a cervicis?
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a neck
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what region is the cervicis in?
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cervical region
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what is a thoracis?
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a thorax or chest
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what region is the thoracis in?
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thoracic region
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What is a brachium?
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an arm
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what region is the brachium in?
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the brachial region
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what in an antebrachium?
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a forearm
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what region is the antebrachium in?
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the antebrachial region
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what is a carpus?
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a wrist
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what is a manus?
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a hand
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what is a lumbus?
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a loin
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what is a gluteus?
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a buttock
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what is a pubis?
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an anterior pelvis
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what is an inguen?
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a groin
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what is a femur?
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a thigh
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what is a crus?
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an anterior leg
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what is a sura?
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a calf
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what is a tarsus?
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an ankle
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what is a pes?
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a foot
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what is a planta?
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the sole of the foot
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What regious in the carpus in?
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the carpal region
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what region is the manus in?
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the manual region
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what region is the abdomen in?
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the abdominal region
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What region is the lubus in?
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the lumbar region
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what region is the gluteus in?
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the gluteal region
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what region is the pelvis is?
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the pelvic region
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what region is the inguen in?
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the inguinal region
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what region is the femur in?
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the femoral region
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what region is the crus in?
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the crural region
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what region is the sura in?
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the sural region
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what region is the tarsus in?
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the tarsal region
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what region is the pes in?
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the pedal region
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what region is the planta in?
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the plantar region
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what is a plane?
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an axis
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what is a section
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a single view or slice along a plane
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Where does a transverse plane lie?
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at right angles to the long axis of the body
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what is a cut in the transverse plane called?
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a transverse section or "cross section"
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Are the frontal and sagittal plane parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the body?
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parallel
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What does the frontal plane divide the body into?
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anterior and posterior
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what does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
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left and right portions
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what 2 essential functions do body cavities have?
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protect delicate organs such as the brain and spinal cord from teh bumps and thumps that occur when we walk, jujmp or run
permit significant changes in the size and shape of hte organs (ex. lungs, heart, urinary bladder and stomach) |
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What is the ventral body cavity also knows as?
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the coelom
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What does the diaphragm divide the ventral body cavity into?
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the superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity
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What divides the ventral body cavity into the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity?
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the diaphragm
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What is the thoracic cavity bounded by?
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the chest wall
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what is the inferior abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by?
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the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis
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what is a serous membrane?
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a delicate layer that lines the walls of internal cavities and covers the surfaces of hte enclosed viscera
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What are serous membranes moistened by?
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a watery fluid
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what are serous membranes moistened?
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to reduce friction
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what is the portion of a serous membrane that covers a visceral organ called?
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a visceral layer
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What is the layer that lines the inner surface of a visceral organ called?
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the parietal layer
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What does the thoracic cavity contain?
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the lungs and heart; associated organ so fthe respiratory, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems; the inferior portions of the esophagus and the thymus
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What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
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left and right pleural cavities
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What are the left and right pleural cavities of the thoracic cavity separated by?
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The mediastinum
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What organ does each pleural cavity of the thoracic cavity contain?
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a lung lined by a serous membrane
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what is a serous membrane lining a pleural cavity called?
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a pleura
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what does the mediastinum consist of?
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a mass of connective tissue
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What is the mediastinum's funtion?
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it surrounds, stabilizes and supports the esophagus, trachea and thymus
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What cavity does the mediastinum contain?
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pericardial cavity
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What is the pericardial cavity?
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a small chamber that surrounds the heart
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What is the serous membrane that covers the heart called?
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the pericardium
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what are the boundaries of the abdominopelvic cavity?
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from the diaphragm to the pelvis
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The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into a superior __________________ cavity and an inferior _________ cavity.
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abdominal and pelvic
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what cavity that's lined by a serous membrane does the abdominopelvic cavity contain?
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The peritoneal cavity
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What is another name for the peritoneal cavity?
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the peritoneum
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What 5 organs does the abdominal cavity contain?
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liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine
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Why are the kidneys and pancreas said to be retroperitoneal?
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because they lie between the peritoneal lining and muscular wall of the abdominal cavity
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What are the walls of the pelvic cavity?
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the bones of the pelvis
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what makes up the floor of the pelvic cavity?
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a layer of muscle
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What 3 things does the pelvic cavity contain?
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the distal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder and various reproductive organs
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What does the peritoneal cavity cover in females?
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the ovaries and the uterus as well as the superior portion of the urinary bladder
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Define Anatomy.
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the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among body parts
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Define Physiology.
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the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
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Define Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy.
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involved the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
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Define organ systems.
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groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner.
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