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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cytoskeleton is composed of
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microflilaments, intermediate fibers, micortubules
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Micorflaments
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6nm thick, actin, forms terminal web
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intermediate fibers
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8-10nm support, strength, and structure, keratin
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Microtubules
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25nm, tubulin, movement
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protofilaments
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the 13 strands in a micortubule
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tubulin
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each protofilimane is a long chain of globlar proteins called
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Microtubules
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radiate from the centorsome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigity, and act as somewhat like railroad tracks
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motor proteins
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"walk" along the tracks carrying organelles and other macromolecules to specific locations in the cell
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microtubules
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not permanent structures, they come and go moment by moment
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Organelles
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internal structures that carry out specialized metabolic tasks
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Memebranous organelles
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nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
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Nonmenbranous organelles
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Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basil bodies
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nucleus
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largest organelle (5micometers in diameter) , most cells have one nucleus, a few cells are a nucluar or multinucleate
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Nuclear envelope
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2 unit membranes surround nucleus, perforated by NUCLEAR PORES formed by rings of protein
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nuclear pores
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regulate molecular traffic through envelope, holdtwo unit membranes together
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The Nucleus
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supported by nuclear lamina
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nuclear lamina
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web of protein filaments (intermediate), supports nuclear envelope and pores,provides points of attachment and organization of chromatin, plays role in regulation of cell life cycle
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nucleoplasm
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material in nucleus; chromatin and nucleoli
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Nucleoplasm: Chromatin
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threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein
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Nucleoplasm: nucleoli
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one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produced
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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system of interconnected channels called CISTERNAE enclosed by unit membrane
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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composed of parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope, adjacent cisternae are often connected by perpindicular bridges
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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produces the phosholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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lack ribosomes, cisternae more tubular and branching, cisternae are thought to be continuous with those of rough ER
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Smooth endoplasmis reticulum
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synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, manufactures all membranes of the cell
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Rough and Rmooth endoplasmic reticulum
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functionally different parts of the same framework
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Ribosomes
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small granules of protein and RNA
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Ribosomes are found
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in the nucleoli, in cytosol, and outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope
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Ribosomes
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read coded geneticmessages (MESSENGER RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code
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Golgi Complex
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a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates, put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein syntheses
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Golgi complex
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receives newly sysnthesized proteins from rough ER
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Golgi complex
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sorts them, and splices some of them, addds carbohydrate moieties to some, and packages the protein into membrane bound GOLGI VESICLES,
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Golgi Complex, Golgi vesicles
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lysosomes, some migrate to plasma membrane and fuse to it, some become secretory vesiclesfor later release
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Lysosomes
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package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane-extremely variable in shape
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functions of lysosomes
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intracellular hydrolytic digestion of protiens, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids, and other substances
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lysosomes functions; autophagy
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digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles
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lysosomes functions; autolysis
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"cell suicide" some cells are meant to do a certain job and destroy themselves
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peroxisomes
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resemble lysosomes but contain didfferent enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi complex
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perioxosomes
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general function is to use oxygen to oxidise organic molecules
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perixisomes function
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CATALASE (breaks down) excess peroxide H2O and O2, nuetralize free radicals detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood borne toxins
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perixosomes function
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break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondria use in ATP synthesis
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perixosomes found in
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all cells, but abundant in liver and kidney
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perxisomes
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produced by the ER
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Mitochondria
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organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP in a variety of shapes spheroid, rod shaped kidney or threadlike
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Mitochondria
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surrounded by a double unit membrane-inner membrane has folds called CRISTAE
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Mitochondria
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spaces between cristae called matrix
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mitochondria matrix
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contains ribosomes, enzymes used for ATP sythesis, small circular DNA molecule
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mitochondial DNA called
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mtDNA
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Mitochondria
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"powerhouse of cell"-energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to ATP
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Centrioles
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a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three micotubules each
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Centrioles
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two centrioles lie perpindicular to each other within a small, clear area of cytoplasm called the centisome
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centisome
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clear area of cytoplasm -play a role in cell division
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centrioles; cilia and flagella formation
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each basal body of the cilium or flagellum is a single centriole orintated perpindicular to the plasma membrane
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basal bodies of centrioles'; cilia and flagella formation
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originate in CENTRIOLAR ORGANIZING CENTER and migrate to plasma membrane
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cilia and flagella formation
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2 micotubules of each triplet elongate to form the nine pairs or peripheral microtubules of the AXONEME
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