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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Cytoskeleton is composed of
microflilaments, intermediate fibers, micortubules
Micorflaments
6nm thick, actin, forms terminal web
intermediate fibers
8-10nm support, strength, and structure, keratin
Microtubules
25nm, tubulin, movement
protofilaments
the 13 strands in a micortubule
tubulin
each protofilimane is a long chain of globlar proteins called
Microtubules
radiate from the centorsome and hold organelles in place, form bundles that maintain cell shape and rigity, and act as somewhat like railroad tracks
motor proteins
"walk" along the tracks carrying organelles and other macromolecules to specific locations in the cell
microtubules
not permanent structures, they come and go moment by moment
Organelles
internal structures that carry out specialized metabolic tasks
Memebranous organelles
nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
Nonmenbranous organelles
Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basil bodies
nucleus
largest organelle (5micometers in diameter) , most cells have one nucleus, a few cells are a nucluar or multinucleate
Nuclear envelope
2 unit membranes surround nucleus, perforated by NUCLEAR PORES formed by rings of protein
nuclear pores
regulate molecular traffic through envelope, holdtwo unit membranes together
The Nucleus
supported by nuclear lamina
nuclear lamina
web of protein filaments (intermediate), supports nuclear envelope and pores,provides points of attachment and organization of chromatin, plays role in regulation of cell life cycle
nucleoplasm
material in nucleus; chromatin and nucleoli
Nucleoplasm: Chromatin
threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein
Nucleoplasm: nucleoli
one or more dark masses where ribosomes are produced
Endoplasmic reticulum
system of interconnected channels called CISTERNAE enclosed by unit membrane
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
composed of parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope, adjacent cisternae are often connected by perpindicular bridges
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
produces the phosholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lack ribosomes, cisternae more tubular and branching, cisternae are thought to be continuous with those of rough ER
Smooth endoplasmis reticulum
synthesizes steroids and other lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, manufactures all membranes of the cell
Rough and Rmooth endoplasmic reticulum
functionally different parts of the same framework
Ribosomes
small granules of protein and RNA
Ribosomes are found
in the nucleoli, in cytosol, and outer surfaces of rough ER, and nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
read coded geneticmessages (MESSENGER RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code
Golgi Complex
a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates, put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein syntheses
Golgi complex
receives newly sysnthesized proteins from rough ER
Golgi complex
sorts them, and splices some of them, addds carbohydrate moieties to some, and packages the protein into membrane bound GOLGI VESICLES,
Golgi Complex, Golgi vesicles
lysosomes, some migrate to plasma membrane and fuse to it, some become secretory vesiclesfor later release
Lysosomes
package of enzymes bound by a single unit membrane-extremely variable in shape
functions of lysosomes
intracellular hydrolytic digestion of protiens, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids, and other substances
lysosomes functions; autophagy
digest and dispose of worn out mitochondria and other organelles
lysosomes functions; autolysis
"cell suicide" some cells are meant to do a certain job and destroy themselves
peroxisomes
resemble lysosomes but contain didfferent enzymes and are not produced by the Golgi complex
perioxosomes
general function is to use oxygen to oxidise organic molecules
perixisomes function
CATALASE (breaks down) excess peroxide H2O and O2, nuetralize free radicals detoxify alcohol, other drugs, and blood borne toxins
perixosomes function
break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondria use in ATP synthesis
perixosomes found in
all cells, but abundant in liver and kidney
perxisomes
produced by the ER
Mitochondria
organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP in a variety of shapes spheroid, rod shaped kidney or threadlike
Mitochondria
surrounded by a double unit membrane-inner membrane has folds called CRISTAE
Mitochondria
spaces between cristae called matrix
mitochondria matrix
contains ribosomes, enzymes used for ATP sythesis, small circular DNA molecule
mitochondial DNA called
mtDNA
Mitochondria
"powerhouse of cell"-energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to ATP
Centrioles
a short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three micotubules each
Centrioles
two centrioles lie perpindicular to each other within a small, clear area of cytoplasm called the centisome
centisome
clear area of cytoplasm -play a role in cell division
centrioles; cilia and flagella formation
each basal body of the cilium or flagellum is a single centriole orintated perpindicular to the plasma membrane
basal bodies of centrioles'; cilia and flagella formation
originate in CENTRIOLAR ORGANIZING CENTER and migrate to plasma membrane
cilia and flagella formation
2 micotubules of each triplet elongate to form the nine pairs or peripheral microtubules of the AXONEME