Anatomy And Physiology For Dummies

Front 1

Define Anatomy

Back 1

The study of the structure and location of body parts

Front 2

Define Physiology

Back 2

The study of the function of bodily parts

Front 3

Can systems and individual structures of the body have more than one function?

Back 3

yes

Front 4

List the levels of the body from smallest to largest

Back 4

1. Atoms
2. Cells
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ systems
6. Organism

Front 5

What is an Atom?

Back 5

the smallest possible piece of an elemetn that retains all the properties of the element

Front 6

What is a molecule?

Back 6

A product of two or more atoms

Front 7

What is an enzyme?

Back 7

proteins that speed a chemical reaction

Front 8

What general functions do cells have? "The fundamental units of life"

Back 8

1. converting energy
2. digesting food
3. excreting waste
4. Reproducing
5. Taking in oxygen

Front 9

What is a tissue?

Back 9

a grouping a cells that perform the same function

Front 10

What are the 4 classes of Tissue?

Back 10

1. Connective: found in blood and bones, serves to support body parts and bind them together
2. Epithelial: type of tissue that lines organs and covers the body
3. Muscle: found in the muscles, which allow your body parts to move via the act of contraction and relaxation
4. Nerve: transmits impulses adn forms nerves

Front 11

What is an organ?

Back 11

Two or more tissues working together to perform a specialized physiological function

Front 12

What is an Organ system?

Back 12

a group of specialized organs working together to achieve a major physiological need ex)digestive system

Front 13

What is anatomic position?

Back 13

Upright, faceforward, palms facing forward

Front 14

Define Anterior

Back 14

Front or toward the front of the body

Front 15

Define Posterior

Back 15

Back or toward the back of the body

Front 16

Define Dorsal

Back 16

Back or toward the back of the body

Front 17

Define Ventral

Back 17

Front or toward the front of the body

Front 18

Define Caudal

Back 18

Near or toward the tail

Front 19

Define Prone

Back 19

Lying on the stomach, face down

Front 20

Define Supine

Back 20

Lying on the back, face up

Front 21

Define Lateral

Back 21

On the side or toward the side of the body

Front 22

Define Medial or median

Back 22

In the middle or toward the middle of the body

Front 23

Define Proximal

Back 23

Nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

Front 24

Define Distal

Back 24

Farther from the point of attachment or the trunch of the body (distance)

Front 25

Define Superficial

Back 25

Near the surface of the body

Front 26

Define Deep (in relation to body location)

Back 26

Farther from the surface of the body

Front 27

Define Superior (position)

Back 27

Situated above or higher than another part

Front 28

Define Inferior (position)

Back 28

Situated below or lower than another part

Front 29

Define Central

Back 29

Near the center of the body or middle of an organ

Front 30

Define Peripheral

Back 30

Away from the center of the body

Front 31

What are the three anatomic planes?

Back 31

1. Frontal Plane: divides the body inot a front (anterior) portion adn a rear (posterior) portion
2. Sagittal Plane: vertical divides the body lenthwise into right and left sections
Midsagittal: down middle
Longitudinal: any point
3. Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions (can go anywhere: cross sections)

Front 32

What are the two major portions of the body?

Back 32

1. Axial
2. Appendicular: limbs

Front 33

List the regions of the Axial portion of the body

Back 33

HEAD AND NECK
1. Cephalic (head)
2. Cervical (neck)
3. Cranial (skull)
4. Frontal (forehead)
5. Occipital (back of head)
6. Ophthalmic (orbital, eyes)
7. Oral (mouth)
8. Nasal (nose)
THORAX
1. Axillary (armpit)
2. Costal (ribs)
3. Mammary (breast)
4. Pectoral (chest)
5. Vertebral (backbone)
ABDOMEN
1. Celiac (abdomen)
2. Gluteal (buttocks)
3. Groin (area of abdomen near thigh)
4. Inguinal (groin)
5. Lumbar (lower back)
6. Pelvic (lower part of abdomen)
7. Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)
8. Sacral (end of vertebral column)

Front 34

List the regions of the Appendicular portion of the body

Back 34

ARMS
1. brachial (upper arm)
2. carpal (wrist)
3. cubital (elbow)
4. forearm (lower arm)
5. palmer (palm)
LEGS
1. femoral (thigh)
2. lower leg (below the knee)
3. pedal (foot)
4. popliteal (back of knee)

Front 35

Body cavities are holes where organs are held. What are the two main body cavities and what cavities do they house?

Back 35

1. Dorsal Cavity
a. Cranial cavity: brain
b. spinal cavity: spinal cord
2. Ventral Cavity (divided by the diaphram)
a. thoracic cavity: heart and lungs
b. abdomino-pelvic: stomach, liver, gall-bladder, spleen, most intestines; reproductive organs, bladder, rectum and lower portion of the intestines

Front 36

The abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions. Name these

Back 36

QUADRANTS
1. Right Upper
2. Left Upper
3. Left Lower
4. Right Lower
REGIONS
1. Epigastric: above the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just above the naval
2. Hypochondriac: lies to the right and left of the epigastric region and just below the cartilage of the rib cage
3. Hypogastric: Below the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just below the navel
4. Iliac: lies to the right and left fo the hypogastric regions near the hip bones
5. Umbilical: the area aroudn the navel
6. Lumbar: Froms the region of the lower back to the right and left fo the umbilical region

Front 37

What is a pathogen

Back 37

an agent that causes disease

Front 38

Metabolism:
(2 types of reactions that occur?)

Back 38

describes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Anabolic: create needed products

Catabolic: break down products

Front 39

What is the form of energy used by cells?

Back 39

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Front 40

What processes are involved in cellular respiration which converts energy from fuel into ATP?

Back 40

1. Glycolosis
2. Aerobic (Kreb's cycle) & Anaerobic respiration
3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 41

How is the nervous system divided?

Back 41

CNS: Central Nervous System; includes the brain a spinal cord

PNS: Peripheral nervous system; consists of the nerves that project out from the brain and spinal cord

Front 42

What is the definition of a nerve? and what two types of nerve fibers are there?

Back 42

a nerve is a vessel that contains nerve fibers and connects them to the CNS

Motor: send impulses away from the CNS

Sensory: Send impuses toward the CNS

Front 43

What does the PNS consist of in terms of nerves and fibers?

Back 43

Cranial Nerves: stem from the brain

Spinal Nerves: stem from the spinal cord

Sensory fibers: are all over the body and send impulses to the CNS via the cranial and spinal nerves

Motor fibers: Which connect to muscles and glands and send impulses from the CNS via the cranial and spinal nerves.

Front 44

The PNS is divided into two systems. What are these and how does each function?

Back 44

The Somatic System: consists of motor fibers sending impulses FROM the CNS to the voluntary skeletal muscles, as well as sensory fibers receiving input from receptors in the skin and initiating impulses as a reaction to the input

The Autonomic system: consists of motor fibers sending impulses FROM the CNS to the glands, the heart and involuntary smooth muscle (as in organs) and is made up of:
The Sympathetic nervous system: Nerves originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

The parasympathetic nervous system: nerves originate in the brain and sacrum

~They both control internal organ functions that are involuntary and that happen subconsciously, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion