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205 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kayla
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Thompson
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"Cut up"
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Anatomy
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to study function
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Physiology
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study of plants
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Botany
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Study of animals
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Zoology
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Study of origin and begining
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Genetics
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EC= House
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Ecology
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To study ancient individuals
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Paleontology
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Study of tissue
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Histology
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Study of birds
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Ornithology
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Study of evolution
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Comparative Anatomy
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Study of hormones
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Endcrinology
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Chemistry of living things
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Biochemistry
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Study of crystals
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Cryology
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Study of antibodies
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Immunology
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Study of computers and bio
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Bioinformatics
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Microscope with lens on the bottom
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Inverted Microscope
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Arranging chromes in order
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Karyotype
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Checking chromosomes of placenta
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Amniocentesis
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What allowed us to know where all genes are located?
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Human Genome Project
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If gene is working it is producing...
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RNA
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A type of staining
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Giemsa
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Tumor starting to move
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Malignant
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Tumor stationary
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Benign
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Where does the virus reproduce?
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In the nucleus
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Can viruses reproduce on their own?
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No- have to have a living cell
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Virus that does have a capsule- naked moleucle of DNA- found everywhere
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Viroid
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Virus- capsle made of...
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Protein
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Founder of scientific method
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Francis Bacon- said Love and Vitalism are things that dont apply
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Vitalism
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Given by the greeks- says life is a vital spark from within- like a spirit of a soul
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Mechanism
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Given by Descartes- says life is a series of mechanical and chemical reactions
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Creative Synthesis
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Life is the bond that holds matter together- body falls apart and detiorates without life
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MADE a molecule found in living organisms (protein)
CO2 + H20 + NH4 + lightning |
Stanley Miller
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Building block of protein
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Amino acid
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Produced amino acids also (4000 degrees)- NASA
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Sydney Fox
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Name for S. Fox's bubbles
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Coaservates
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Orange pigment produces...
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Energy
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7 Characteristics of Life
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1. Form and Size
2. Irritablilty 3. Movement 4. Reproduction 5.Metabolism- Ana and Cata 6. Life Cycle 7. CHON |
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3 Types of form
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Bilateral
Radial Asymmetrical |
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Unicelled organism formed by the egg and the sperm
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Zygote
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When an organism is capable to reproduce
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Maturity
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Smallest piece of life
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Protoplasm- by def. is alive
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Form of protoplasm that is large and thick- used for storage
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Colloids
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Form of protoplasm that is small and thin- goes into solution- used for transportation
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Crystalloids
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Elements in protoplasm
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C. Hopkins cafe means mighty good table salt
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Which element "holds everything together?"
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Sulfer
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Crayfish have blue blood because they have what?
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Copper
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Acidic
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0-6.9 H+
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Basic (Alkaline)
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7.1-14 OH-
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Ph helps with maintaining what?
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Enzymes
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Made of living molecules
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Organic
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Made of nonliving molecules
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Inorganic
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Ions ___ if put in ___
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Ionize/ water
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Substances that dissolve in water to form ions (salts)
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Electrolytes
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Subs that dissolve in water but do not form ions (sugars)
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Non-electrolytes
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HCl
KOH KCl |
All good electrolytes
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What is the understood element?
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Hydrogens
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COOH
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Carboxyl group
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Not a fast high energy molecule
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Protein
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High energy molecule- glucose and sucrose
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Carbohydrate
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Monosaccharide
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Glucose
Fructose Galactose |
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Disaccharides
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Sucrose
Maltose Lactose |
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Energy building material (fats and carbs)
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Lipids
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C-C-C-C
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Saturated
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C=C-C-C
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Unsaturated
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C=C=C=C
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Polyunsaturated
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How many amino acids?
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21
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If out of wack you get puffy b/c of less osmosis
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Osmotic control
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TRF
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Transferrin
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Transferrin
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Carries iron to cells and stores extra in the liver
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The water molecules at the bottom of peptide bond
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Water of metabolism
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Protein= 1 or more ___ ___
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Peptide chains
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Found peptide chain could be twisted- called alpha helix
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Linus Pauling
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What makes the difference between the 21 amino acids?
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R-group
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Center of heme is ___
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Iron
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How many hemes in a hemoglobin?
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4
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Amine group
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N-terminal (left)
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Carboxyl group
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C-terminal (right)
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Energy-
Structure- Trasport- Enzymes- Hormone- Osm control- |
Food
Membrane Hemoglobin and TRF Insulin Albumin (protein in plasma- can be lost through the kidney) |
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1 peptide chain=
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1 heme
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R groups are arranged how?
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Alternating
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Excretion
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cellular waste materials
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C-
H- O- N- |
CO2 exhalling
H20 urinary system Ammonia- uric acid |
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How is primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary formed?
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All amino acids are formed by DNA, which causes different R groups
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Essential Amino Acids
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Vital to the system- ones that the body cannot make on its own
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Human adult?
Human child? |
8
10 |
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Complete proteins-
Imcomplete proteins- |
Contains all essential amino acids
Protein without essentials |
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Enzyme works as a...
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Catylst
*DNA ultimately determines shape |
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Area where substrate is going to fit
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Active site
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Enzyme ends in
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-ase
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Who discovered the microscope?
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Jenson brothers- 1591
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2 types of micros
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Light and electron
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Dark field
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Grayish- insert disk to block light
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Bright field
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Circle of light
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Scanning lens
Low power High power W/ oil |
50x
100x 440x 1000x- max magnification |
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Area you're looking at
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Field of View
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Equal focus
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Parfocal
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Phase contrast
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micro that gives more contrast- more expensive- different btw different levels- dont need a stain
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Plan optic
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Lens that gives a flat view
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Nimarski lens
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Russian discovered 3-D lens
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Oil Immersion Lens
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Traps the light- use very fine oil
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What are the types of light micros
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Dark
Light Plan optic Nimarski lens Oil immersion lens |
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Types of electron micros:
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Transmission (TEM)
Scanning (SEM) STEM Tenneling |
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Transmission micro
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Can see a picture INSIDE the cell- has more magnification than scanning
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Scanning micro
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looking at something OUTSIDE the cell- 5000x
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Tunneling micro
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stays close to the object youre looking at- gives much magnification- "atomic force"
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Comparison of electron
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Electron costs more and better magnification- light is easier to use
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TEM uses what kind of tube?
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A vaccum
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Flourescence micro
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(light micro) Hits tissues that have been made to glow
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How many carbons does an amino acid have?
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2
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What makes upo a nuecleotide?
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Base Sugar Phosphorus
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Nucleic Acid- Structure, Function
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Nuecleotide (BSP), genetics
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The two strands of nucleic acid are held together by what?
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Hydrogen bond- very weak
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The 2 nucleotides are___
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Antiparallel
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What is attached to the negative charges of oxygen?
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Histones
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When and who discovered the structure of DNA?
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James Watson (USA) and Francis Crick (England) in 1953
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Who got the nobel prize?
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Watson, Crick, and Wilkins
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Whats the difference between Science and Nature?
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Science- newer, faster, more modern
Nature- takes a year to publish anything |
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What book did James Watson write?
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Double Helix
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Bases are equal all the way down the DNA strand
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Chargoff's rules
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T of F- DNA does not have a skeleton?
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True
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DNA:
T- A- |
C
G |
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RNA:
U- A- |
C
G |
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Difference between RNA and DNA?
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RNA has an OH on its 2nd Hydrogen, DNA has an H on its 2nd Hydrogen
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Pyrimidines?
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TCU
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Purines?
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AG
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If you know DNA, you can predict...
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Protein
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Semi-conservative theroy says...
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Half is old and half is new
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RNA produces a protein is called?
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Transcription
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To check to see how similar 2 organisms are
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DNA hybridization
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Baltimore found _____, meaning RNA could produce DNA
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Reverse transcription
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Codon-
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part of mRNA
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Anti-codon-
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part of tRNA
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Has a developing nucleus and circular chromosomes?
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Prokaryote
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Has true nucleus and 1 DNA per chromosome?
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Eukaryote
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What are new genes and genetic engineering used for?
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Insulin, growth hormones, and interferon (interferes with viruses, cancer cells)
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Mixture of cells
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Chimera
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Fraternal-
Identical- |
2 zygotes fertilized differently
1 zygote that divides |
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Another name for body cells?
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Somatic cells
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Acrocentric chromosome-
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Has centriole at the end instead of the middle
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What is the significance of a somatic hybrid? (2 cells fused together)
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-Determine location of genes
-Transfer genes from one organism to another -Monoclonal antobodies |
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Gene Transfer Mechanisms
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1. Recombinant DNA
2. Somatic Hybrid 3. Virus |
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200 base pairs +
8 histones + 1 histone= |
Oligonucleosome- several Nu Bodies (twists) on 1 DNA
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Cells sizes-
1. Squamous Epithelial 2. Erythrocyte 3. Chicken egg 4. Ostrich 5. Man 6. Blue whale |
1. Lining of mouth- about .05 mm
2. Red blood cells - 7.7 micrometers 3. 3 inches- string keeps yolk from moving 4. 8 inches 5. 6 foot 6. 250 feet |
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The study of cells-
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Cytology
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Something has to be alive to has this...
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Protoplasm
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Stores messanger RNA
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Nucleolus
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Plasma membrane consists of...
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2 polar ends of phospholipids and proteins in the middle (bilayer)
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Lipid with carb attached
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Glycolipid
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Anchors filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane providing structral stability and shape for the cell
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Linker
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Transports by changing shape of the molecule
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Transporter
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Binds to molecules and alters the cell function
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Receptor
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Distingushes cells from each other
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Cell Identity Marker
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Rough ER produces what?
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proteins, glycoproteins--> which produce carbs
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Smooth ER produces what?
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Lipids
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Used for transportation; the way things move around the cell
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ER
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Secretion of a cell happens at the?
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Golgi Apparatus
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"All cell membranes are the same"
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Cell Membrane Theory
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Packages material to transport in vacuole
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Golgi
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Function of vacuoles
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Transport and storage
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What does the Mitochodria do?
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"Powerhouse"
Helps break down food, and produces energy -Has circular DNA and bacteria that helps the body |
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What has packages of enzymes?
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Crista- Cristae
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Knocking one ___ off of ATP give you what? Two ___ off?
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ADP
AMP |
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There is a ___ in the middle of ATP (used for ATP and DNA)
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Nucleotide
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Head of the sperm
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Acrosome- has enzymes that penetrate the egg
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What is in the mid-piece of the sperm?
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Mitochondria
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What is the funtion of Lysosome?
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"Self destruction"- breaks down the cell (think of tadpole)
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Where do lysosome originate?
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Golgi
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Called "garbage disposal"- proteins go in, grinded up, and produces enzymes
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Proteosome
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Cell division- 2 types
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Somatic and Reproductive
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Somatic division leds to...
Reproductive division leds to... |
Mitosis
Meiosis |
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Function of Mitosis?
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Growth and repair
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Function of Meiosis?
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Reproduction
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If a zygote divides, it is considered to go through ___.
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Mitosis
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9 sets of 3 is associated with what?
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Centriole (always at right angles, never parallel)
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Cilia is controled by what?
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Centriole
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Cilia has __ sets of __.
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9 sets of 2
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Achromatic figure means-
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No color
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Where are the chromosomes in relation to the spindle bundle?
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Outside
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Inside spindle bundle (metaphase), there is __ central fibers.
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2
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"Moving apart phase"
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Anaphase
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Membrane around each chromosome- bumps together and forms new membrane
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Bubble theory
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"End phase"
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Telophase
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M
G1 S G2 What happens in these steps? |
PMAT
Organelles double DNA duplication Protein synthesis |
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Of PMAT, which take the longesT?
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Prophase and Metaphase
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Small and numerous...
Large and sparse... |
Cilia
Flagella |
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Where mRNA is stored and organized
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Necleolus
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NOR stands for...
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Nucleolar Organizing Region
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Causes of cancer
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Chemicals
Radiation Viral Genetic All comes down to hereditary and DNA |
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Cancer characteristics-
Hyperplasia Anaplasia Metastasis |
Uncontrolled repro. of cells
Abnormal appearance- lack of differentiation Tendency to spread |
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"New growth"
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Neoplasm
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Neoplasm from epithelial tissues
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Carcinoma
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Neoplasm from connective tissues
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Sarcoma
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Gametogenesis:
Testes- Ovary- |
Spermatogenesis
Ooenesis |
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Tetrad formation?
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Crossing over of DNA
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Nuclear division-
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Karyokinesis
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Cytoplasm division
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Cytokinesis
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Cell division of germ cells
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Meiosis
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Cytoplasmic tubules of globular protein-
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Microtubules
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Tiny rods in the muscle-
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Myofibrils
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Bilayered- 2 membranes with perinuclear cisternae between them
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Nucleus
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1 DNA fiber is called...
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Chromatin fiber
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1 mistake in Amino Acid results in a ___.
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Mutation
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When DNA is reproducing, what is happening inside the cell?
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Going from 1 to 2 chromosomes
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RNA reproduction produces a...
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Polypeptid chain
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