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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Athrology
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study of joints
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immovable
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-teeth in sockets
-cartilage joints |
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cartilage joints
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-epiphyseal joints
-costochondal joints |
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slightly movable
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-syndesmoses
-symphysis |
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syndesmoses
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fibrous joints
ex. joint between cannon and splint bone;distal tibia-fibula joint |
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symphysis
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joints with fibrocartialge disks
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extracapsular ligaments
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-collateral ligaments may be medial or lateral
-annular ligaments encircle the joint |
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additional synovial joints
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bursae
synovial sheaths |
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bursae (singular bursa)
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bubble-like capsules lined with synovial membrane; may be located between tendon & bone; function is to reduce friction
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synovial sheaths (vaginal sheaths)
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tube-like synovial structures surrounding tendons. function is to reduce friction
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movement at synovial joints
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flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsal&plantar, adduction, abduction, supination, pronation, rotation, circumduction, depression, elevation
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flexion
extension hyperextension |
movement in saggital plane that reduces angle between two joint segments
-movement in sagittal plane that increases angle between 2 joint segments -movement that increases angle of joint segments to > 180 degrees |
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adduction
abduction |
movement toward median plane
movement away from median plane |
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supination
pronation |
-turning palmar or plantar surface up
-turning palmar or plantar surface down |
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rotation
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twisting a joint segment on its own axis
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circumduction
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movement of distal end of an extremity in circles
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depression
elevation |
movement toward horizon
movement away from horizon |
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types of synovial joints
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gliding joints
hings joints pivot joints ellipsoidal joints saddle joints ball and socket joints |
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temporomandibular
atlanto-axial atlanto-occipital |
temporal and mandible
atlas and axis atlas and occipital |
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shoulder
coxofemoral metacarpophalangeal |
scapula, humerus, clavicle
hip metacarpus, proximal phalanges |
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sacroiliac
fetlock stifle |
pelvis, sacrum (NOT MOVABLE)
metacarpophalangeal joint of horse comparable to primate knee |
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pastern joint
costochondral joint coffin joint |
horse long pastern & short pastern
non moveable ribs, cartilages phalanges in horse |
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thorax
abdomen pelvis brachium antebrachium |
ribcage
caudal to thorax basen formed by thorax upper forelimb forearm |
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carpus
metacarpus costae ilum |
wrist
long bones of front foot winglike portion of pelvis |
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tarsus
metatarsals digits |
ankle
long bone of hind foot toes |
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rectus
oblique transverse orbicular |
straight, parallel to axis of limb
at an angle at right angle to axis of limb circular |
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muscle types
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voluntary striated(skeletal muscle)
involuntary striated (cardiac) smooth muscles (digestive tract) |
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muscular functions
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movement, maintenance of posture, production of heat & body temp, support of internal organs, control of entrances & exits to urinary, reproduction, and digestive systems
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three layers of connect tissue that surround each bundle of skeletal muscle
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-epimysium
-perimysium -endomysium |
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epimysium
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surrounds the entire muscle
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perimysium
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divides larger bundle into mid-level bundles; blood vessels and nerve endings lie within the perimysium
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endomysium
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surrounds individual muscle fibers
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muscular attachments; origins & insertions
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origins, insertions, tendons, aponeurosis
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origins
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more proximal or more stationary attachments
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insertions
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more distal or more mobile attachments
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tendons
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attach muscle to bone
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aponeurosis
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a flat tendon sheet that attaches a flat muscle
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heads
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major divisions of muscles
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belly/gaster
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fleshy portion of a head of a muscle
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sarcolemma
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cell membrane
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myofibrills
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lie parallel to length of muscle and overlap each other in regular pattern
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myosin
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-thick filaments composed of hundreds of high molecular weight molecules
-hinged head at end of each strand |
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actin
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-thin filaments that have active sites where myosin cross-bridges may attach
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two components of actin
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-troponin: active sites where calcium ions attach
-tropomyosin: covers the actin-active sites and prevents formation of cross-bridges between myosin & actin |
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sarcoplasm
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-muscle cell cytoplasm
-includes sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubules, muscles |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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stores calcium ions, release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmis reticulum initiates muscle contraction
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transverse tubules
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extend from plasma membrane into muscle fibers, transverse tubules transmit action potentials into muscle
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motor endplates
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areas on surface of sarcolemma which fit with terminal feet of axons of motor neurons
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sarcomere
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contractile unit of muscle, overlap of myosin and actin creates striated pattern
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stimulus
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change in environment of a nerve that causes it to depolarize the resting potential and produce an action potential, or wave of electrical charge
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action potential
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created by depolarization of membrane, immediately changing permeability of membrane to ions
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muscle fatigue
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occurs when a muscle cannot contract despite nervous stimulation
causes: exhaustion of energy reserves (ATP), buildup of lactic acid lowers pH of tissues and prevents normal muscular function |
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motor unit
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all muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron
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summanation
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occurs when a second stimulus arrives before relaxation has ended, creating a more powerful contraction
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incomplete tetanus
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occurs when tension peaks after repeated stimulation of a muscle
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complete tetanus
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occurs when stimulation is so frequent that relaxation phase is totally eliminted
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recruitment
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increase in musclular tension produced by increasing number of active motor units
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peak tension
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occurs when all motor units in a muscle contract in complete tetanus
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muscular atrophy
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occurs when skeletal muscle is not stimulated regularly, resulting in decreased size and strength
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hypertrophy
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increase of muscle size and strength--occurs with use
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aerobis enduranceis
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improved by sustained training at low levels of muscular activity
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anaerobic endurance
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performance at levels supported by glyolysis and stored ATP, requires training to hypertrophy fast-twitch muscle fibers
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Attachments of thoracis limb to trunk
-cervical part -thoracic part |
origin: dorsal spines cervical vertebrae
Insertion: spine of scapula Origin: dorsal processes thoracic vertebrae Insertion: spine of scapula |
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rhomboideus
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Origin: dorsal midline cranial and caudal to scapula
Insertion: medial side of scapula |
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serratus ventralis
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origin: ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
insertion: medial side of scapula |
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levator scapulae ventralis
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origin: wing of atlas
insertion: spine of scapula |
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Extensors of the shoulder
-brachiocephalicus -supraspinous |
origin: occiptal bone and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
insertion: lateral aspect of proximal humerus origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula insertion: greater tubercle of humerus |
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Flexors of shoulder
-latissimus dorsi -teres major & teres minor -infraspinatus |
o: lumbodorsal fascia
I: medial shaft of humerus O:axillary border of scapula I: proximal humerus O:Infraspinous fossa of scapula I:greater tubercle of humerus |
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adductors of shoulder
-pectoralis -coracobrachialis -subscapularis |
O:sternum
I:proximal humerus O:coracoid process of scapula I:medial shaft of humerus O:subscapular fossa of scapula I:lesser tubercle of humerus |
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abductors of humerus
-deltoid |
O:spine of scapula and acromion of scapula
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus |
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extensores of elbow
-Triceps brachii muscle *Long head *Lateral Head *Medial Head -anconeus muscle |
O:caudal border of scapula
I: olecranon process of ulna O:lateral humerus I:Olecron O:medial side of humeral head I:olecranon O:Distal humerus I:olecranon |
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flexors of elbow
-Biceps brachii -brachialis -pronator teres |
O:supraglenoid tuberosity of scapula
I:radial tuberosity of radius O:humerus I:coronoid process of ulna O:medial epicondyle of humerus I: Medial side of radius |
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extensores of the carpous are located
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on dorsal surface of forearm
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extensroe carpi radialis
extensor carpi ulnaris |
O:lateral epicondyle of humerus
I: proximal metacarpals O: lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Lateral carpal bone |
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extensors of digits are located
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on dorsal surface of forearm
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common digital extensor
lateral digital extensro |
O: lateral epicondyle of humerus
I:third phalanges O: lateral epicondyle of humerus I: most lateral digit |
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order of extensors from radial border toward ulnar border of dorsal forearm
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entensor carpi radialis
common digital extensor lateral digital extensor extensor carpi ulnaris |
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flexors of the carpus are located
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on palmar surface of forearm
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flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris |
O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: palmar surface proximal metacarpus O: medial epicondule of humerus & olecranon I: accesory carpal bone |
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flexors of the digits are also located
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on palmar surface of forearm
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deep digital flexor
superficial digital flexor |
O: humerus, radius, and ulna
I: Palmar surface of third phalanges O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: second phalanges and palmar aponeurosis |
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order of muscle on palmar antebrachium form radial border to ulnar border
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brachioradialis
pronator teres flexor carpi radialis superficial digital flexor flexor carpi ulnaris deep digital flexor |
