Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 3 - Cells

Front 1

Cisternae

Back 1

Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reserviour

Front 2

Cyclic AMP

Back 2

Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by the plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

Front 3

Mitosis

Back 3

Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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Aquaporins

Back 4

Transmembrane proteins that form water channels.

Front 5

Microvilli

Back 5

Tiny projections on the free surface of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.

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Hypertonic

Back 6

Excessive, above normal, tone or tension

Contains higher concentration of solutes than are present inside the cell

The cells lose water by osmosis and shrink

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 7

Short-chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome.

Front 8

Organelles

Back 8

Small cellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, and others) that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole.

Front 9

Apoptosis

Back 9

A process of controlled cellular suicide; eliminates cells that unneeded, stressed or aged.

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Phagocytosis

Back 10

Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells.

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Receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 11

One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs

Front 12

Pinocytosis

Back 12

Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells

Front 13

Mitotic (M) phase

Back 13

One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; involves the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

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Cytokinesis

Back 14

The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided

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Hypotonic solution

Back 15

A solution that is more dilute (containing fewer nonpenetrating solutes) than the reference cell. Cells places in hypotonic solution plump up rapidly as water rushes into them. And can burst

Front 16

Translation

Back 16

One of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides

Front 17

Concentration gradient

Back 17

The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two different areas

Front 18

DNA replication

Back 18

Process that occurs before the cell division; ensures that all daughter cells have identical genes

Front 19

Facilitated diffusion

Back 19

Passive transport process used by certain large or charged molecules (eg glucose, Sodium) that are unable to pass through the plasma membrane unaided. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier

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Multinucleate cell

Back 20

Cell with more that one nucleous eg skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts

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Interphase

Back 21

One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; includes the period from cell formation to cell division

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Telophase

Back 22

The final phase of mitosis; begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formation of two daughter cells

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Gene

Back 23

One of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits hereditary information

Front 24

Vesicular transport

Back 24

Transport of large particles and macromolecules into or out of a cell or between its compartments in membrane-bound sacs

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G Protein

Back 25

Protein that relays signals between extracellular first messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers (such as cyclic AMP) via and effector enzyme

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Metaphase

Back 26

Second stage of mitosis

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Flagellum

Back 27

Long, whiplike cellular extension containing microtubules; propels sperm and some single celled eukaryotes

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Cyosol

Back 28

Vicous, semitransparent fluid substance of the cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended

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Glycocalyz (cell coat)

Back 29

A layer of externally facing glycoproteins on a cell's plasma membrane; its components determine bloodtype and are involved in the cellular interactions of fertilization, embryonic development, and immunity, and acts as an adhesive between cells

Front 30

Carrier

Back 30

A transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar substance across the cell membrane

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Hypertrophy

Back 31

Increase in size of tissue or organ independent of the body's general growth

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Chromosomes

Back 32

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromation; visible during cell division

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Tight Junction

Back 33

Area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound together forming an impermeable barrier.

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Second messenger

Back 34

Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a receptor protein; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messengar

Front 35

Exons

Back 35

Amino acid specifying informational sequences (separated by introns) in the genes of higher organisms

Front 36

Peristalsis

Back 36

Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs)

Front 37

Intron

Back 37

Noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60 to 100,000 nucleotides long

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Messenger RNA m(RNA)

Back 38

Long nucleotide strands that reflect the exact nucleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the DNA's message

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Polarized

Back 39

State of plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or muscle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in comparison to the outside; the resting state

Front 40

S (synthetic) phase

Back 40

The part of the interphase period of the cell life cycle in which DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two future cells will receive identical copies of genetic material

Front 41

Electrochemical gradient

Back 41

The combined difference in concentration and charge; influences the distribution and direction of diffusion of ions

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Nuclear envelope

Back 42

The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus

Front 43

Endocytosis

Back 43

Mean by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells eg phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

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Hydrophobic

Back 44

Fear of water. Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules

Front 45

Membrane potential

Back 45

Voltage across the plasma membrane

Front 46

Glycolipid

Back 46

A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars

Front 47

Golgi apparatus

Back 47

Membranous system close to the cell nucleous that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destines to become part of the cellular membranes

Front 48

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 48

A constituent of ribosome; exists within the ribosomes of cytoplasm and assists in protein synthesis

Front 49

Interstitial fluid (IF)

Back 49

Fluid between cells

Front 50

Ribosomes

Back 50

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized

Front 51

Isotonic solution

Back 51

A solution with a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in the reference cell.

Front 52

Cell life cycle

Back 52

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it reporduces itself

Front 53

Autolysis (aw-tol-i-sis)

Back 53

Process of autodigestion (self-digestion) of cells, espically dead or degenerate cells

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Anaphase

Back 54

Third stage of mitosis in which a full set of daughter chromosomes move toward each pole of the cell

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Cell

Back 55

Structural unit of all living things

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Vesicle

Back 56

A small liquid filled sac or bladder

Front 57

Fluid mosaic model

Back 57

A pepiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phospholipid layers in which proteins are dispersed

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Anucleate cell

Back 58

A cell without a nucleus

Front 59

Membrane potential

Back 59

Voltage across the plamsa membrane

Front 60

Diffusion

Back 60

The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles

Front 61

Osmotic pressure

Back 61

A measure of the tendancy of water to move into more concentrated solution

Front 62

Free radicals

Back 62

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Front 63

Ligands

Back 63

Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors

Front 64

Vesicular transport

Back 64

The movement of large particles and macromolecules across a plasma membrane

Front 65

Dialysis

Back 65

Diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 66

Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell

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Nucleus

Back 67

Control centre of a cell; contains genetic material; clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS (central nervous system)

Front 68

Active Transport

Back 68

Membrane transport processes of which ATP is provided eg solute pumping and endocytosis

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Genetic code

Back 69

Refers to the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences)

Front 70

Codon

Back 70

The three base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides genetic information used in protein synthesis

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Nucleosome

Back 71

Fundamental unit of chromatin; consists of a strand of DNA wound around a cluster of eight histone proteins

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Hypertonic solution

Back 72

A solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell; having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blodd plasma or interstitial fluid)

Front 73

Channel

Back 73

A transmembrane protein that helps form aqueous channels that transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other

Front 74

Mitochondria

Back 74

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities

Front 75

Microtubles

Back 75

One of three types of rods in the cytoskeleton of a cell; hollow tubes made of shperical protein that determine the cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles

Front 76

Peroxisomes

Back 76

Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicals

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Plasma membrane

Back 77

Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that enclosed cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane

Front 78

Solute pump

Back 78

Enzyme like protein carrier that mediates active transport of solutes such as amino acids and ions uphill against their concentration gradients

Front 79

Cytoplasm

Back 79

The cellular material surrounding the nucleous and enclosed by the plasma membrane

Front 80

Pressure gradient

Back 80

Difference in hydrostatic pressure that drives filtration

Front 81

Translation

Back 81

One of two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides

Front 82

Gap junction

Back 82

A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons

Front 83

Membrane receptors

Back 83

A large, diverse group of integral proteins and glycoproteins that server as binding sites

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Phagosome

Back 84

Vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis

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Intron

Back 85

Noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60 to 100,000 nucleotides long

Front 86

Lysosomes

Back 86

Orgnaelles that orginate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes

Front 87

Prophase

Back 87

The first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the chromosomes accompanied by migration of the tow daugher centrioles toward poles of the cell, and nuclear membrand breakdown

Front 88

Concentration gradient

Back 88

The difference in concentration of a particular substance between two different areas

Front 89

Selectively permeable membrane

Back 89

A membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others; also called differentially permeable membrane

Front 90

Passive transport process

Back 90

Membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP) eg diffusion, which is driven by kinetic energy

Front 91

Centriol

Back 91

Minute body found near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division

Front 92

Exocytosis

Back 92

Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane

Front 93

Chromosomes

Back 93

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division

Front 94

Tonicity

Back 94

A measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water

Front 95

Simple diffusion

Back 95

The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle

Front 96

Golgi apparatus

Back 96

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages proteins secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modified proteins destine to become part of cellular membranes

Front 97

Necrosis

Back 97

Death or disintegration of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury

Front 98

Cytoskeleton

Back 98

Literally, cell skeleton. An elaborate series of rods running through the cystol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate varous cell movements

Front 99

Flagellum

Back 99

Long, whiplike extension of the plasma membrane of some bacteria and of sperm; propels the cell

Front 100

Secretory vesicles (granules)

Back 100

Vesicles containing proteins that migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell and discharge their contents from the cell by exocytosis

Front 101

Phagocytosis

Back 101

Engulfing of foreign solids by (phagocytic) cells

Front 102

Interstitual fluid

Back 102

Fluid between the cells

Front 103

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA)

Back 103

A constituent of ribosome; exist within the ribosomes of cytoplasm and assists in protien sysnthesis

Front 104

Signal sequence

Back 104

A short peptide segment present in a protein being synthesized that causes the associated ribosome to attach to the membrane of Rough ER

Front 105

Polarized

Back 105

State of plasma membrane of an unstimulated neuron or musle cell in which the inside of the cell is relatively negative in camparision to the outside; the resting state

Front 106

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 106

Long nucleotide strands that reflect the exact necleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the message of the latter

Front 107

Cell differentiation

Back 107

The development of specific and distinctive features in cells, from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to all the specialized cells of adulthood

Front 108

Basal body

Back 108

The organelle structurally identical to a centriole and forming the base of a cilium or flagellum

Front 109

Primary active transport

Back 109

A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP

Front 110

Connexons

Back 110

Hollow cylinders made of transmembrane proteins that connect adjacent cells at gap junctions, allowing chemical substances to pass through

Front 111

Cytokinesis

Back 111

The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided

Front 112

Hydrophilic

Back 112

Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles (water loving)

Front 113

second messenger

Back 113

Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular reponses to the chemical messenger

Front 114

Extracellular materials

Back 114

Substances found outside the cell; include interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid

Front 115

Receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 115

One of three types of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs

Front 116

Anticodon

Back 116

The three base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA (mRNA) codon

Front 117

DNA replication

Back 117

Process that occurs before cell division; ensures that all daugher cells have identical genes

Front 118

Peristalsis

Back 118

Progressive, wavelike contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs (or that move other substances through other hollow body organs)

Front 119

Pinocytosis

Back 119

Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells

Front 120

Transcription

Back 120

One of the two major steps in the transfer of genetic code information involving the transfer of information from a DNA gene's base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule

Front 121

Desomosome

Back 121

Cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments

Front 122

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 122

Short chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome

Front 123

Hypotonic

Back 123

Below normal tone or tension

Front 124

Osmosis

Back 124

Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one

Front 125

Microfilaments

Back 125

Thin strand of contractile protein actin

Front 126

Metaphase

Back 126

second stage of mitosis

Front 127

Interphase

Back 127

One of two major perios in the cell life cycle; includes the period form cell formation to cell division

Front 128

Hyperplasia

Back 128

Accelerated growth eg in anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate

Front 129

Glycocalyx (cell coat)

Back 129

A layer of externally facing glycoproteins on a cell's plasma membrane that determines blood type; involved in the cellular interactions of fertilization, embryonic development, and immunity, and acts as an adhesive between cells

Front 130

Filtration

Back 130

Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter

Front 131

Centrosome (cell center)

Back 131

A region near the nucleus with contains paired organelle called centrioles

Front 132

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 132

Fluid within a cell

Front 133

Permeability

Back 133

The property of membranes that permits passage of molecules and ions

Front 134

Endcytosis

Back 134

Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells, eg phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 135

Multinucleate

Back 135

Cell with more than one nucleus eg skeletal muscle cells, liver cells

Front 136

Nucleoli

Back 136

Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal subunit synthesis and storage

Front 137

Chromatin

Back 137

Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes)

Front 138

Amoeboid motion

Back 138

the flowing movement of the cytoplasm of a phagocyte

Front 139

Cilia

Back 139

Tiny, hairlike projections on cell surfaces that move in a wavelike manner

Front 140

Cell division period

Back 140

One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; involves the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)

Front 141

Atrophy

Back 141

Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use

Front 142

Osmolarity

Back 142

The number of solute particles present in 1 liter of a solution