Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

deals with the structure of body parts

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

deals with the functions of the body parts

Front 3

Levels of Organization

Back 3

1. atoms 2. molecules 3. macromolecules 4. cell 5. organelles 6. tissue 7. organs 8. organ systems 9. organism

Front 4

metabolism

Back 4

all of the chemical reactions in cells that break down or build substances

Front 5

characteristics of life

Back 5

1. movement 2. responsiveness 3. growth 4. reproduction 5. respriration 6. digestion 7. absorption 8. circulation 9. assimilation 10. excretion

Front 6

movement

Back 6

change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ

Front 7

responsiveness

Back 7

reaction to a change inside or outside the body

Front 8

growth

Back 8

increase in body size without change in shape

Front 9

reproduction

Back 9

production of new organisms and new cells

Front 10

respiration

Back 10

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods(some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)

Front 11

digestion

Back 11

breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Front 12

absorption

Back 12

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Front 13

circulation

Back 13

movement of substances in body fluids

Front 14

assimilation

Back 14

changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Front 15

excretion

Back 15

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Front 16

requirements of organisms

Back 16

1. water 2. foods 3. oxygen 4. heat 5. pressure

Front 17

water

Back 17

the most abundent chemical in the body. it is required for many metabolic processes and provides the environment in which most of them take place. water also transports substances within the organism and is important in regulating body temperature

Front 18

food

Back 18

substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals (nutrients) in addition to water. some of these chemicals are used as energy sources, others supply raw materials for building new living matter, and still others help regulate vital chemical reactions

Front 19

oxygen

Back 19

a gas that makes up about one-fifth of ordinary air. it is used to release energy from food substances. this energy, in turn, drive metabolic processes

Front 20

heat

Back 20

a from of energy. it is a prdouct of metabolic reactions, ad the degree of heat present partly determines the rate at which these reactions occur. the more hear, the more rapidly chemical reactions take place

Front 21

pressure

Back 21

application of force to something.

Front 22

atmospheric pressure

Back 22

this pressure is important in breathing

Front 23

hydrostatic pressure

Back 23

a pressure that a liquid exerts- due to the weight of water above them

Front 24

internal environment

Back 24

conditions within the fluid in the surrounding the body cells

Front 25

homeostasis

Back 25

the condition of a stable internal environment

Front 26

homeostatic mechanisms

Back 26

self-regulating control systems

Front 27

receptors

Back 27

provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment

Front 28

set point

Back 28

tells what particular value should be (such as body temperature)

Front 29

effectors

Back 29

cause responces that alter conditions in the internal environment

Front 30

negative feedback

Back 30

a mechanism actvated by an imbalance that corrects the imbalance

Front 31

appendicular

Back 31

portion which includes the upper and lower limbs

Front 32

cranial cavity

Back 32

houses the skull

Front 33

vertebral canal

Back 33

contains the spinal cord within the sections of the backbone

Front 34

thoracic cavity

Back 34

chest cavity

Front 35

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 35

the space between the diaphram and the lower portion of the trunk of the body

Front 36

viscera

Back 36

the organs within the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 37

diaphragm

Back 37

the broad thin muscle that seperates the lower abdominopelvic cavity and the thoracic cavity

Front 38

mediastinum

Back 38

separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments, which contain the right and left lungs. the remaining thoracic viscera- heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland- are located here

Front 39

abdominal cavity

Back 39

the viscera include the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines

Front 40

pelvic cavity

Back 40

the portion of the abdominopelvic cavity enclosed by the hip bones. it contains the terminal portion of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs.

Front 41

oral cavity

Back 41

contain the teeth and tongue

Front 42

nasal cavity

Back 42

located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum

Front 43

sinuses

Back 43

connect to the nasal cavity, contain the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses

Front 44

orbital cavities

Back 44

containing the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

Front 45

middle ear cavities

Back 45

contain the middle ear bones

Front 46

parietal membrane

Back 46

refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity

Front 47

vesceral membrane

Back 47

refers to the membrane that is deeper- toward the interior- and covers and internal organ, such as a lung

Front 48

pleural membranes

Back 48

serous membranes that enclose the lungs and line and chest wall. they are separated by a thin flim of watery fluid, while they secrete

Front 49

pericardial membranes

Back 49

surround the heart.

Front 50

visceral pericardium

Back 50

covers the hearts surface

Front 51

perietal pericardium

Back 51

a thicker membrane that is seperated from the vesceral pericardium by a small volume of fluid

Front 52

visceral peritoneum

Back 52

covers each organ in the addominal cavity

Front 53

peritoneal cavity

Back 53

potential space between the membranes

Front 54

integumentary system

Back 54

include the skin and various accessory organs such as, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Front 55

skeletal system

Back 55

consists of bones, ligaments, ad cartilages. they provide the frameworks and protective shields for softer tissues

Front 56

muscular system

Back 56

provide forces that move body parts by contracting and pulling their ends closer together

Front 57

nervous system

Back 57

consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sence organs

Front 58

nerve impulses

Back 58

electrochemial signals

Front 59

endocrine system

Back 59

includes all the glands that secrete hormones

Front 60

hormones

Back 60

chemial messengers

Front 61

cardiovascular system

Back 61

includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood

Front 62

lymphatic system

Back 62

composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. this transports some of the tissue fluid back into the blood and carry fatty acids away from the digestive organs

Front 63

digestive system

Back 63

receive foods from the outside and break them down into simpler forms that can pass through cell membranes and be absorbed

Front 64

urinary system

Back 64

consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Front 65

reproductive system

Back 65

produces new organisms

Front 66

anatomical position

Back 66

the body is standing erect, face forward, with the upper limbs at the sides and palms forward

Front 67

superior

Back 67

a body part is above another part or closer to the head

Front 68

inferior

Back 68

a body part is below another body part or is toward the feet

Front 69

anterior

Back 69

towards the front

Front 70

posterior

Back 70

toward the back

Front 71

medial

Back 71

divides the body into equal right and left halves

Front 72

lateral

Back 72

toward the side with respect the the imaginary midline

Front 73

proximal

Back 73

a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk than another body part

Front 74

distal

Back 74

the body part is further away from the point of attachment to the trunk than another body part

Front 75

superficial

Back 75

near the surface

Front 76

deep

Back 76

more internal

Front 77

sagital plane

Back 77

divides the body into left and right portions

Front 78

transverse plane

Back 78

divides the body betiween top and bottom

Front 79

coronal plane

Back 79

divides the front and back

Front 80

epigastric region

Back 80

refers to the upper middle portion

Front 81

Left and right hypochondriac regions

Back 81

lie on each side of the epigsatric region

Front 82

umbilical region

Back 82

middle portion

Front 83

left and right lumbar regions

Back 83

lie on each side of the umbilical region

Front 84

hypogastric region

Back 84

lower middle portion

Front 85

left and right iliac regions

Back 85

lie on each side of the hypogastric region

Front 86

cephalic

Back 86

head

Front 87

frontal

Back 87

forehead

Front 88

orbital

Back 88

eye cavity

Front 89

buccal

Back 89

cheek

Front 90

mental

Back 90

chin

Front 91

otic

Back 91

ear

Front 92

nasal

Back 92

nose

Front 93

oral

Back 93

mouth

Front 94

cervical

Back 94

neck

Front 95

acromial

Back 95

point of shoulder

Front 96

sternal

Back 96

sternum

Front 97

axillary

Back 97

armpit

Front 98

pectoral

Back 98

chest

Front 99

mammary

Back 99

breast

Front 100

brachial

Back 100

arm

Front 101

antecubital

Back 101

front of elbow

Front 102

umbillical

Back 102

navel

Front 103

abdominal

Back 103

forearm

Front 104

carpal

Back 104

wrist

Front 105

palmer

Back 105

palm

Front 106

inguinal

Back 106

groin

Front 107

coxal

Back 107

hip

Front 108

digital

Back 108

finger

Front 109

genital

Back 109

reproductive organs

Front 110

patellar

Back 110

front of knee

Front 111

crural

Back 111

leg

Front 112

tarsal

Back 112

ankle

Front 113

pedal

Back 113

foot

Front 114

occipital

Back 114

back of head

Front 115

vertebral

Back 115

spinal column

Front 116

brachial

Back 116

arm

Front 117

dorsum

Back 117

cubital

Front 118

lumbar

Back 118

lower back

Front 119

sacral

Back 119

between hips

Front 120

gluteal

Back 120

buttocks

Front 121

perineal

Back 121

area between anus and reproductive organs

Front 122

femoral

Back 122

thigh

Front 123

popliteal

Back 123

back of knee

Front 124

crural

Back 124

leg

Front 125

plantar

Back 125

sole

Front 126

abdominal area

Back 126

broken up into right and left upper and lower quadrants