Anatomy And Physiology- Ch17

Front 1

describe the anatomy of the heart...

Back 1

cone shaped hollow muscular structure
has a base and an apex
base is dorsally/craniodorsally located and attaches to other structures via large arteries, veins, pericardial sac
apex is ventrally located and free within perdicardial sac

Front 2

____- membranous fluid-filled sac that encases the heart

Back 2

pericardium

Front 3

___= vessels that carry blood away from the heart
___= vessels that carry blood toward the heart

____=circulation to the lungs

____= circulation to the rest of the body

Back 3

arteries

veins

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

Front 4

The ____ of the heart is directed dorsally or craniodorsally and is attached to the other thoracic structures by large veins, arteries, and pericardial sac

The ___ of the heart is directed ventrally and is entirely free within the pericardial sac

Back 4

base

apex

Front 5

what are the 3 layers of the heart from the inside out

Back 5

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

Front 6

____= layer of the wall of the heart that is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels; lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves

____= layer of the wall of the heart that is the muscular layer, made up of cardiac muscle, ventricle has thicker for pumping (left-thickest)

____- serous inner layer of the pericardium

Back 6

endocardium

myocardium

epicardium

Front 7

The pericardium is a serous membrane that houses the pericardial space. Heart is invaginated inside. The inner layer,_____, adheres to the outer surface of the heart. and the outer layer that is continuous with the visceral layer at the base of the heart and is reinforced by fibrous layers, which is covered by the pericardial pleura

Back 7

visceral pericardium

parietal pericardium

Front 8

___= condition seen in cattle where the apex of the heart contacts the dome of the diaphragm, and the reticulum lies on the caudal side of the diaphragm. Sharp metallic objects, bits of wire, are swallowed and accumulate in the reticulum. the contractions of the diaphragm can cause these foreign objects to penetrate the diaphragm and the pericardial sac, resulting in this infection
-the tissues of the pericardium thicken, and fluid builds up within the pericardial sac which leads to heart failure
-can be prevented by administering a magnet by mouth to the cow and it remains in the reticulum and prevents onjects from migrating thru the wall of the forestomach

Back 8

traumatic pericarditis- one manifestation of hardware disease

Front 9

The ____ system has low pressure and the ____ system has high pressure in the body

Back 9

pulmonary

systemic

Front 10

The myocardium between the 2 chambers of the heart is the _____

Back 10

septum/ventricular septum

Front 11

Each side of the heart has 2 chambers, the ___ which receives blood by way of large veins, and the ___ which pumps blood from the heart through a large artery

Back 11

veins
artery

Front 12

The ____ of the ventricles is much thicker than that of the atria bc it pumps blood back into the vascular beds.
-the wall of the left side is also thicker bc blood is ejected from from the left side during the contraction and is under higher pressure than that of the right side. The right ventricle does not reach the apex and the apex id formed almost entirely by the left ventricle

Back 12

myocardium

Front 13

Between the atrium and the ventricle of each side is the ____, or specifically the ____ on the right side and the ___ on the left side

Back 13

AV valves

right- tricuspid valve

left- bicuspid valve

Front 14

The A V valves are attached to the inner wall of the ventricles between the atrium and ventricles and the fibrous cords that hold them in place are the _____, and they attach to papillary muscles that project into the lumina of the ventricles. They prevent the valve from everting into the atrium when the ventricle contracts and closes the valve by forcing blood against the ventricular side of the valve

Back 14

chordae tendinae

Front 15

The function of the papillary muscles is...

Back 15

the papillary muscles are the muscles to which the chordae tendinae are attached and help to prevent eversion

Front 16

The ventricles outflow tract features a _____ valve, called ____ at the junction of the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk and the ____ at the junction of the left ventricle and aorta

Back 16

semilunar valve

pulmonary semi lunar valve

aortic semi lunar valve

Front 17

discuss blood flow of the heart

Back 17

blood returning to the heart from the systemic system circulation is delivered into the right atrium by the superior and inferior venae cavae. From the right atrium, the deoxygenated blood travels through the tricuspid/av valve into the right ventricle.lt then travels through the pulmonary semi-lunar valve into the pulmary artery and into the lungs. Then the oxygenated blood is returned to the heart thru the pulm vein and into the left atrium. Blood passes through the av valve/bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. the left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic semi-lunar valve and into the aorta carrying oxygenated blood to the body

Front 18

What is the difff btw pulm veins and arteries...

Back 18

pulm arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs away from the heart
pulm veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

Front 19

blood vessels

____= small/thinner arteries

___= smallest blood vessels, one cell thick, permeable to oxygen, nutrients, wastes

___= larger vessels returning blood

Back 19

arterioles

capillaries

venules

Front 20

What is the difference between the 3 layers of blood vessels?

___= outer layer made of collagen and elastic fibers

___= middle layer, made of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

____= inner layer that is the endothelial lining

Back 20

outer-tunica adventitia

middle- tunica media

inner- tunica intima

Front 21

The uniqueness of the structure of blood cells and capillaries is that in ____, the tunica media is thinner and contains fewer smooth muscles and elastic fibers that in arteries.
The _____ are one endothelial cell thick and consist of only a tunica intima; makes for easy entry/exit of oxygen, waste etc

Back 21

veins


capillaries

Front 22

The arteries branch into small _______ where they feed the cells.

Back 22

capillary beds

Front 23

The largest drop in blood pressure in the blood vessels is in the ____.

what are the blood vessels in rank of decreasing blood pressure?

Back 23

arterioles

aorta
large arteries
small arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
small veins
large veins
venae cavae

Front 24

A ____system is one in which a vessel divides into capillaries, recombines to form another vessel, and then redivides into a second capillary bed

_____= blood that has perfused the capillary beds of the viscera is brought to the liver by a single large vein, the portal vein, and then is redistributed into a second capillary bed within the substance of the liver

Tributaries to the portal vein include the gastric vein from the stomach, the splenic vein from the spleen, and the mesenteric veins from the intestines, and the pacreatic veins from the pancreas. The portal vein enters the liver and immediately breaks up into smaller branches there, and finally ends in the sinusoids of the liver. here the blood comes into direct contact with the cells of the liver. After being acted upon by the cells of the liver, the blood passes from the sinusoids of the liver nto the livers' venous system and eventually empties into the venae cavae

Back 24

a portal system

hepatic portal system

Front 25

the 2 major veins...

____= drains the head and neck; jugular vein

___= formed in the abdomen from the iliac veins; drains the gluteal and perineal regions of the pelvic limbs

Back 25

cranial vena cava/superior

caudal vena cava/inferior