Anatomy And Physiology Ch1-4

Front 1

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 1

a system of tubes running throughout the cell and continuous with the nuclear membrane

Front 2

nucleus structure

Back 2

-nuclear envelope made up of 2 phospholipid bilayers
-the outer layer merges into the ER
-has nuclear pores that allow proteins and RNA to pass

Front 3

cystic fibrosis

Back 3

hereditary disorder characterized by lung congestion and infection due to a defective chloride (Cl-)channel that leads to unusually thick mucus secretions

Front 4

why would nitroglycerin be prescribed for heart pain?

Back 4

it releases NO which dilates (opens up) the coronary arteries (which supply the heart itself with blood)

Front 5

Nitric Oxide does this:

Back 5

it relaxes the smooth muscle in arteries thereby increasing their diameter

this increases blood flow

Front 6

buffers are:

Back 6

compounds that help keep the pH relatively constant by adding or removing H+ as necessary

Front 7

exocrine glands def. and ex.

Back 7

have ducts (tubes) through which their secretions travel to the apical

ex: Lacrimal glands, sweat, mammary

Front 8

mitosis:

Back 8

-original nucleus divides to produce another genetically identical to itself
-asexual division
-chromosomes visible

Front 9

tight junctions:

Back 9

-a long stretch of interlocking proteins tightly connects the two cell membranes
-such that adjacent lipids are fused
-blocks the passage of substances between cells
-common between superficial intestinal cells

Front 10

gap junctions are common between:

Back 10

ciliated EPI cells

Front 11

stratified cuboidal function

Back 11

secretion and some protection

Front 12

stratified cuboidal location

Back 12

sweat and salivary gland ducts

Front 13

gap junctions:

Back 13

-cells are held together by interlocking proteins called connexons
-the connexon has a hollow space through its center
-this allows small molecules and ions to pass directly from cell to cell

Front 14

stratified columnar function

Back 14

secretion and protection

Front 15

stratified columnar location

Back 15

RARE
larynx, mammary gland ducts, parts of male urethra

Front 16

endocrine glands def. and ex.

Back 16

-ductless (lose them early in development)
-hormones diffuse outward into ECF
-ex: pituitary, thyroid, ovary

Front 17

ion

Back 17

-a charged atom
-unusual number of electrons

Front 18

As the blood becomes too basic, the reaction proceeds to the _ and _:

Back 18

-left
-acid dissociates to add more H+

Front 19

As the blood becomes too acidic, the reaction proceeds to the _ and _:

Back 19

-right
-excess H+ is mopped up and taken out of solution

Front 20

xray def:

Back 20

high energy radiation passes through soft tissues not hard

Front 21

three major divisions of the cell:

Back 21

1)cell membrane (plasma)
2)Nucleus
3)cytoplasm with organelles

Front 22

where is cholesterol spread?

Back 22

among the phospholipids

Front 23

In simple diffusion, gases (O2, CO2, NO), small alcohols and lipid soluble (hydrophobic substances:

Back 23

can simply diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer

Front 24

simple diffusion:

Back 24

the movement of a substance from an area where it is highly concentrated to an area of lower concentration

Front 25

cillia

Back 25

relatively long extensions of the cell membrane that beat in a rhythmic fashion

Front 26

microvilli are the _ that _ and are abundant on cells lining the _.

Back 26

1) densely packed, short, non-movable extensions
2)that greatly increase the surface area of the cell
3)they're abundant on cells lining the small intestine

Front 27

simple diffusion is caused by _:

Back 27

random molecular motion

Front 28

channels function:

Back 28

allow hydrophilic substances to cross the cell membrane

Front 29

membrane proteins location and functions:

Back 29

-these "float" in the bilayer
1)channels
2)receptors
3)enzymes
4)anchors
5)cell identification

Front 30

In general, the more cholesterol in the membrane the more _the membrane becomes.

Back 30

rigid

Front 31

urine with a pH of 6 has _ times _ H+ than vinegar with a pH of 5.

Back 31

-10
-less (fewer)

Front 32

coffee with a pH of 5 has _ times _ H+ than water with a pH of 7.

Back 32

-100
-more

Front 33

If soda(pH=4)has 1000 times fewer H+ than stomach fluid. What is the pH of stomach fluid?

Back 33

1

Front 34

urine with a pH of 6 has _ times
_ H+ than water with a pH of 7.

Back 34

-10
-more

Front 35

Each pH unit represents a _ difference in the concentration of H+.

Back 35

10 fold

Front 36

Depending on _ the protein will assume a specific _.

Back 36

-which amino acids its made of
-3d shape

Front 37

If calcitonin is controlled by negative feedback, what effect would it have on blood calcium levels?

Back 37

Calcitonin is released when calcium levels are elevated. This hormone should bring about a decrease in blood calcium levels, thus decreasing the stimulus for its own release.

Front 38

Transitional epithelium location and function

Back 38

-bladder. ureters, urethra
-allows structures to stretch as they are filled with urine

Front 39

When a cell is placed in a _ solution, the cell will lose water through osmosis. This process results in the _ of red blood cells.

Back 39

-hypertonic
-crenation

Front 40

Explain how enzymes work in chemical reactions.

Back 40

Enzymes are special protein catalysts that lower the activation energy for chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reaction, but are not used up or changed in the process.

Front 41

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 41

oppositional growth

Front 42

homeostasis definition:

Back 42

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 43

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 43

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 44

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 44

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 45

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 45

oppositional growth

Front 46

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 46

oppositional growth

Front 47

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 47

oppositional growth

Front 48

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 48

oppositional growth

Front 49

homeostasis definition:

Back 49

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 50

homeostasis definition:

Back 50

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 51

PET scan def and use

Back 51

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 52

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 52

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 53

lysosomes:

Back 53

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 54

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 54

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 55

homeostasis definition:

Back 55

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 56

homeostasis definition:

Back 56

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 57

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 57

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 58

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 58

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 59

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 59

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 60

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 60

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 61

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 61

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 62

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 62

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 63

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 63

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 64

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 64

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 65

PET scan def and use

Back 65

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 66

PET scan def and use

Back 66

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 67

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 67

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 68

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 68

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 69

lysosomes:

Back 69

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 70

PET scan def and use

Back 70

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 71

lysosomes:

Back 71

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 72

PET scan def and use

Back 72

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 73

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 73

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 74

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 74

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 75

lysosomes:

Back 75

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 76

lysosomes:

Back 76

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 77

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 77

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 78

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 78

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 79

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 79

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 80

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 80

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 81

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 81

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 82

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 82

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 83

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 83

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 84

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 84

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 85

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 85

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 86

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 86

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 87

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 87

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 88

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 88

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 89

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 89

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 90

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 90

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 91

The type of cartilage growth characterized by adding new layers of cartilage to the surface is _.

Back 91

oppositional growth

Front 92

homeostasis definition:

Back 92

the ability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal conditions (blood pressure, water balance, body temp.)

Front 93

ultrasound
1)definition
2)advantage
3)disadvantage
4)used for _

Back 93

1)high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
2)avoids dangers of radiation
3)but image isn't very clear
4)fetus, look at heart, speed up healing of a fracture

Front 94

CT scan definition and uses:

Back 94

-computerized/computed tomography
-computer pieces together several x-rays to produce image (slice) of the body
-can also stack the slices to form a 3d image
-clearer than an x-ray

Front 95

PET scan def and use

Back 95

-used to tell which tissues are metabolically the most active
-reveals lymph node tumors

Front 96

lysosomes:

Back 96

small sacs of digestive enzymes that destroy pathogens and recycle worn out or inactive parts of the cell

Front 97

simple diffusion happens _ and the cell _

Back 97

-automatically, freely
-the cell doesn't have to pay for it
(ATP)

Front 98

each type of cell is highly specialized to:

Back 98

carry out a specific function for the body

Front 99

structure of a euglena is a _

Back 99

generalist "Jack of all trades"

Front 100

3 types of membrane extensions:

Back 100

1) microvilli
2) cilia
3) flagellum

Front 101

flagellum are located

Back 101

found on sperm

Front 102

cell (plasma) membrane structure (general)

Back 102

1) consists or 3 major components
2)may possess membrane extensions

Front 103

your blood type depends on the type of _ in your red blood cell membranes.

Back 103

glycoproteins

Front 104

_ are the basic units of life

Back 104

cells

Front 105

some organisms consist entirely of _

Back 105

one cell

Front 106

In contrast, our bodies are composed of _ of cells and _ of different kinds of cells.

Back 106

trillions
100s

Front 107

cytoplasm definition and structure:

Back 107

-all the cell contents between the nucleus and cell membrane
A) cytosol
B) organelles

Front 108

inside of cell is mostly

Back 108

water

Front 109

outside of the cell is

Back 109

extracellular fluid

Front 110

Major effects of insulin:

Back 110

1) stimulates cells throughout the body to take up glucose faster
2)stimulates muscle and liver to convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage

Front 111

Major effects of glucagon:

Back 111

1) stimulate muscle and liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it
2)stimulates liver to convert amino acids into glucose and release it

Front 112

A type of junction common in cardiac and smooth muscle tissue is the:

Back 112

gap junction

Front 113

If a cell lacked ribosomes it wouldn't be able to _

Back 113

synthesize proteins

Front 114

When a sodium ion is moved across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient _ is used.

Back 114

cellular ATP is used

Front 115

What 3 basic components make up a nucleotide of RNA?

Back 115

-Ribose
-Phosphate
-Nitrogenous bases (A U C G)

Front 116

What 3 basic components make up a nucleotide of DNA?

Back 116

-Deoxyribose
-Phosphate
-Nitrogenous bases (A T C G)

Front 117

the study of the structure of tissue

Back 117

histology

Front 118

cytology

Back 118

the study of cells

Front 119

APT structure

Back 119

consists of the nitrogenous base "A", a sugar(ribose), and 3 phosphate groups

Front 120

List of organelles:

Back 120

1) Mitochondria
2) Ribosomes
3) Endoplasmic Reticulum
4) Golgi Apparatus
5) Lysosomes
6) Peroxisomes